Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
For the Ministry of Climate Policy and Green Growth
Bonn, 01.08.2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
For the Ministry of Climate Policy and Green Growth
Bonn, 01.08.2025
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2
Introduction, background and objective
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
3
▪ In 2024 E-Bridge benchmarked industrial electricity costs for EZK across the
Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and France. The Ministry for Climate Policy and
Green Growth (KGG) seeks an expanded update for 2025 that adds further countries
(Denmark, UK, US, China), consumer types (DSO level) and reflects new market- and
policy developments.
▪ The objective of the study is the analysis and investigation of the status and
development of electricity cost for large and small/medium size industrial
companies with different load-profiles and flexibility levels.
▪ The study has focused on the following outcome and deliverables for the
Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, United Kingdom and Denmark, with a high-
level benchmark against USA and China where data permit:
▪ Network costs for industrial users (EUR/MWh)
▪ Taxes, levies, possible subsidies and exemptions
▪ Electrical wholesale cost based on spot- and forward market prices
Disclaimer: This report is intended for informational purposes only. No
rights may be derived from the contents of this report. The circumstances
for specific users may differ from the assumptions in this study. All
numbers and data included in this report were last verified in July 2025
and may have changed since the time of verification.
Structure of the report
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
4
▪ This report focusses on quantification of all cost components for
different customers / user profiles for selected countries in 2025
▪ Assessed countries: The Netherlands, Germany, France, Belgium, Denmark, the
United Kingdom, the United States, and China
▪ User profiles: The results were derived for two large consumers connected to
the TSO grid and two medium sized consumers connected to the DSO grid.
▪ Chapter 2 summarizes the most important conclusions.
▪ Chapter 3 is therefore the core focus of the report
▪ Profiles for all European countries are analyzed in chapter 3.2 – 3.5 and
also includes a comparison between 2024 and 2025 while US and China
are analyzed in 3.6. For China, evaluation of medium size industry is not
in scope of the report.
▪ Subchapter 3.7 provides country comparisons and conclusions.
▪ Chapter 4 provides an outlook for 2030 comprising policy trends,
assumptions and corresponding quantifications and comparisons.
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
5
The effective power costs for large industry
consumers in NL lead to a competitive disadvantage
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ This research provides a benchmark of effective electricity cost for large and medium industrial
customers with different flexibility levels and connections to the extra high or high voltage grid.
▪ Assessed countries: The Netherlands, Germany, France, Belgium, Denmark, the United Kingdom,
the United States, and China
Despite sharing overarching goals of emissions reduction and renewable energy integration, each
country prioritizes differently between industrial competitiveness, cost recovery, and climate
objectives, resulting in significantly divergent cost implications.
▪ User profiles: The results were derived for two large consumers connected to the TSO grid and
two medium sized consumers connected to the DSO grid. On the TSO level we assess a large
baseload industry consumer (1 TWh consumption, profile a) and a large-scale electrolyser (1.2
TWh, profile B) while we analyze both a flexible and a non-flexible medium size industry
consumer on DSO level (both 12 GWh, non-flexible one is profile C while the flexible one is
profile D). The non-flexible one behaves like a baseload from Monday to Friday.
▪ Large baseload industry on TSO level (“profile A”): For the large baseload consumers on
TSO-level, France has the lowest effective electricity cost whereas Netherlands has rather high
ones. Within Europe, only Denmark and the UK stand out with an even higher effective
electricity cost primarily driven by the absence of carbon price compensation in Denmark and
a generally high level of commodity costs in case of the UK. In comparison, Germany and
Belgium offer competitive costs due exemptions, and carbon price compensation. France’s cost
advantage is achieved by low commodity costs especially because of the ARENH scheme* and
low network charges.
▪ Electrolyser on TSO level (“profile B”): Electrolyser’s cost assessment reveal rather similar
results, differing from large baseload industry only regarding lower commodity cost than large
baseload in all countries except France. Germany provides strongest incentives for electrolysers
due to comprehensive exemptions.
▪ Medium industry on DSO level: For the medium industry consumer (non-flexible, “profile
C”, and flexible, “profile D”) again France has the lowest effective electricity costs whereas
Germany and the UK have the highest. The Netherlands sorts itself in the midfield behind
Denmark and Belgium.
6
*Costs of ARENH are indirectly shifted to other customers. Valuation of risks of France’s nuclear
strategy enabling low costs is not within the scope of this study.
The overview of 2025’s effective electricity costs of selected consumers highlights the
impacts of ICC and other exemptions for large consumers, especially in NL, DE and FR
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
8882
146 143
62
41
190 188
24 24
7174
75
62
125 123
91
77
104 102 94
84
192 190
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
€/MWh
7
▪ Within Europe, large baseload industry users (A) in the Netherlands
pay 13-64 EUR/MWh more for their electricity than in France,
Germany or Belgium but 3-6 EUR/MWh less than competitors in
Denmark (which has no ICC) and the UK. Germany and France have
significantly lower costs due to generous exemptions for network
charges, and ARENH and ICC, which puts the Netherlands at a clear
competitive disadvantage (even under consideration of ICC for NL).
▪ Flexible electrolysers (B) in the Netherlands have to pay the highest
costs due to a rather unflexible network charge regime. In contrast,
electrolysers in Germany benefit from comprehensive exemptions.
Countries with high shares of renewable energy (primarily NL, DE, BE, DK;
secondarily the UK) enable the use of low RES-driven power prices.
▪ Dutch medium size industry customers (C & D) have rather high
electricity cost; yet Germany and the UK have even higher ones.
Since the flexibility level was assumed to be rather low (30 %
demand-shift for two hours per day) they could not benefit from low
prices at weekends (we assumed production from Monday to Friday),
medium flexible industry profile D does not offer strong costs saving
potential.*
▪ Both medium size industry customer types do not benefit from ICC,
as we assumed this user to be active in a non-ICC applicable sector.
Network charge exemptions are not applicable neither in any of the
countries (either in general, like in the Netherlands or at least not for
these profiles). Consequently, network charges significantly increase total
costs, notably in the Netherlands, Germany, and the UK. Taxes, levies and
fees are comparable for most users, except for the significantly higher
charges for industry customers in Belgium and the UK.
Network charges and reductions
Electrical energy costs incl. indirect
cost compensation for A and B
Taxes, levies, fees and exemptions
A: Large Baseload Industry (TSO-level) with ICC
B: Electrolyser (TSO-level) with ICC
C: Medium non-flexible Industry (DSO-level)
D: Medium flexible Industry (DSO-level)
* Please note: we assumed only TSO consumers benefit from new Dutch
options for time-of-use network tariffs cf. slide 19
IC
C
red
uc
ti
on
s
Effe
cti
ve
c
os
ts
in
c.
IC
C
red
uc
ti
on
s
-23-23
-37-37
-26 -26
-26 -26
-21 -21
Indirect cost compensation
(ICC)
▪ While Germany provides comprehensive exemptions for taxes, levies, fees and network
charges, the Netherlands do not. This leads to a competitive disadvantage of 64 to 33
EUR/MWh (in comparison to the other investigated countries).
▪ The reintroduction of the Dutch ICC in 2025 only partially mitigates the overall cost gap, as the
ICC* instrument benefits countries with a CO2-intensive power mix, such as Germany, more.
▪ France is pursuing a different decarbonization strategy, which allows for low network charges,
but still has exemptions that reduce the majority of network charge costs. In addition, the
French ARENH scheme (in place until end of 2025) offers the industry access to low-opex
nuclear power. Yet, as the amount is limited this leads to higher commodity costs for other
customers (in FR and secondary also in rest of EU).
▪ For large industrial customers on TSO level, both taxes, levies and fees as well as
network charges of the Netherlands are comparable to U.S. and China. Yet, consumers in
these two countries still have considerably lower electricity costs since U.S. and China
both provide low commodity costs, which do not fully account for emission costs.
▪ In the U.S.** cheap shale-gas–based generation anchors wholesale prices while other costs are
moderate. Shale gas is abundant and relatively low-cost (10-14 EUR/MWh), leading to a shift
away from coal and older conventional gas fields. In addition, only parts of PJM’s regions
consider limited CO2-costs.
▪ Cost advantages of China*** can be explained analogously to U.S. Yet, low commodity costs are
coming from (mostly) cheap domestic coal (5-13 EUR/MWh) and a very limited consideration
of emission costs (CO2-market with very low prices and only for inefficient plants).
▪ While base tariffs for provinces such as Guangdong are published, the actual prices baseload large industrial
customers pay are often negotiated behind closed doors and not publicly disclosed; even statutory levies must be
pieced together from scattered government circulars.
For large industry customers (profile A), competitive disadvantage
of The Netherlands is given in comparison to US and China
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Initial
cost
Exemptions
& ARENH
Effective
cost
without ICC*
ICC
Effective
cost with
ICC*
*Indirect Cost Compensation (ICC) – only applicable in selected sectors: e.g. production of various metals,
hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper).
**please note that we have focused on PJM area in U.S. PJM is located close to the Marcellus and Utica shale
basins – two of the most prolific shale gas regions in North America. [Source]
***For China, we focused on Guangdong / Pearl-River-Delta.
8
37
135
98
62
23
112
112
88
60
59
59
66
65
65
26
71
50
24
Indirect cost compensation (ICC*)
Taxes, levies, fees / exemptions
Network charges / exemptions
ARENH (lowering commodity costs)
Commodity costs
Total
Cost developments between 2024 and 2025 in RES-dominated countries reveal the impact
of higher network expansion costs – yet they affect customer groups differently there
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
9
▪ In the Netherlands medium sized-industry faced an
increase in both network charges and taxes, levies and
fees while large industry’s network charges even
slightly declined, because the capacity charge of the TSO
network charges decreased. The largest impact comes
however from the introduction of time-of-use tariffs and
the resulting opportunity to lower the charge on the
monthly peak. Because of this especially the electrolyser
pays less network charges in 2025.
▪ Analogously, this holds true for Germany but with more
significant increases of network charges for medium-sized
industry but only minor increases for large industry.
▪ While France and Denmark offer rather stable
conditions Belgium and UK faced strong network
charge increases. In Belgium, the increase of the large
industry is greatest while UK’s medium size industry
network charges increased similar as in Germany.
▪ However, Belgium partly mitigates the impact through lower
taxes, levies, and fees — primarily due to a slight decrease in
the regional levy in Flanders and reduced quotas for green
certificates.
▪ In UK taxes, levies and fees increased for mid-sized industry
as well.
Netw
ork
cha
rges
(in
cl
. e
xe
mptio
ns
)
Tax
es
, le
vie
s,
fe
es
(in
cl
. e
xe
mp
tio
ns
)
Change of non-commodity costs* from 2024 to 2025
*ARENH is excluded here for the sake of greater comparability.
Please note that results for profiles C and D depend on assumptions (applicable exemptions)
-4,00 €
-2,00 €
0,00 €
2,00 €
4,00 €
6,00 €
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
-0,50 €
1,00 €
2,50 €
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A: Large Baseload Industry (TSO-level) with ICC
B: Electrolyser (TSO-level) with ICC
C: Medium non-flexible Industry (DSO-level)
D: Medium flexible Industry (DSO-level)
While the competitive disadvantage for Dutch large industry remains substantial until
2030, RES strategy helps to narrow the gap. Additional options remain available.
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
Electrical energy costs incl. indirect
cost compensation for A and B
Taxes, levies and exemptions
A: Large Baseload Industry (TSO-level) with ICC
B: Electrolyser (TSO-level) with ICC
C: Medium non-flexible Industry (DSO-level)
D: Medium flexible Industry (DSO-level)
98 98
136134
49
31
181 179
51
39
90 90
61
51
103 101
79
67
91 90
70
62
176 174
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
10
11* 20*-6 -6
-21 -24 -5 -5
118 63 26 21
-18-17-18-13
-26 -26-8 -9
-13-13-12-12
▪ RES strategies in all European countries (except France) will
decrease effective costs due to lower power prices in the order
of magnitude of 10 €/MWh.
▪ Large industrial baseload consumers in the Netherlands are
expected to continue facing one of the highest electricity costs
in 2030 among the countries analysed, driven by the absence of
ICC and high network charges (without exemptions mitigating
infrastructure cost risks). An extension of ICC could close the gap to
other countries by ~20 €/MWh**.
▪ In Germany and Belgium, rising network tariffs – driven by
extensive grid expansion projects – pose a growing challenge,
but their impact is expected to be substantially softened through
continued well-established exemptions for energy-intensive
industries. Yet, important “
German Mittelstand“ may face highest
cost in Europe if exemptions are not applicable (like assumed in
profile C and D; e.g. no ICC application).
▪ France is likely to maintain low costs through 2030, although its
cost advantage derived from the ARENH scheme will end. Still,
French consumers will continue benefiting from relatively low
commodity prices, taxes and network charges.
▪ Electricity costs in the UK and Denmark are expected to remain
among the highest in Europe. However, UK benefits most from
RES-driven cost decline (~20 €/MWh).
%-Change of costs between 2025 and 2030 (increase / decrease)
Costs in 2030 in €/MWh
With
ICC:
78
*without Indirect Cost Compensation
**estimation based on current calculation method (using
expected CO2 price 2030 & fallback efficiency benchmark 2030).
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
11
Chapter 3 contains the quantification of all assessed user types
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ In Chapter 3.1 a detailed overview of the different
components of the taxes, levies and fees and the
network charges is given.
▪ In the Chapters 3.2 to 3.5 these components are
quantified specifically for the four different user
types and for each of the analysed countries.
▪ In Chapter 3.6 the results are compared to the
analysed non-European countries for which a
detailed quantification is not possible due to a lack
of reliable data.
▪ Chapter 3.7 contains the main conclusions of the
quantification of the electricity costs for the different
users.
▪ Chapter 3.6 contains a direct comparison of the
effective electricity costs of the four different users
per country to show the impact of the behaviour and
the different voltage levels on the electricity price.
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
3.1
Baseload Large
Industry
Consumer
(TSO)
Electrolyser
(TSO)
Non-flexible
Medium
Industry
Consumer
(DSO)
Flexible
Medium
Industry
Consumer
(DSO)
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Electricity Costs in USA and China
3.6
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
3.7
12
(Technical) profile details are provided on first slide of subchapter
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
13
Mapping of wholesale prices / commodity cost
Method:
▪ Commodity cost are derived from power wholesale markets for the relevant
consumer profiles.
▪ 2025: The spot- and future market prices as published by the relevant power
exchanges* have been used.
▪ Day-ahead spot prices as determined and published until 31.05.2025.
▪ Future price quotes as published and determined by EEX for the period
01.06. - 31.12.2025 (June 2025).
▪ 2030: Future price quotes as published and determined by the relevant power
future exchanges (EEX) have been used.
▪ Future prices quotes for the period 01.01. - 31.12.2030 (June 2025).
Adjustment of for selected consumptions profiles:
▪ Commodity cost have been adjusted and scaled for the selected consumer
profiles with a respective profile factor based on 2024 hourly spot price
distribution:
▪ TSO Baseload consumer – baseload prices (8000 FLH)
▪ TSO Electrolyser – adjusted baseload price by electrolyser profile (4818 FLH)
▪ DSO non-flexible consumer - baseload prices (6000 FLH)
▪ DSO flexible – adjusted base price by flexible profile (4615 FLH)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
14
Country introduction – Netherlands
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
Netherlands is one uniform bidding
zone (NL)
We cover the whole NL bidding zone, one
of Europe’s most liquid power markets and
large cross-border links to DE, BE, NO &
GB.
▪
TSO TenneT
Operates the 110–380 kV transmission
grid, ensures system balance and manages
the wholesale market platforms (including
intraday and balancing).
▪
DSO Liander
We focus on Liander’s “HS 25–50 kV” tariff –
the highest standard distribution level
available to large industrial consumers.
▪
Current policy watch-list
Netcode & Tariff Reform 2024-27
Start of time-of-use tariffs on DSO level
(expected 2027)
15
Netherlands: Explanation table for taxes, levies, fees
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Taxes
Energy Tax
3.21 EUR/MWh
Reduced tax for companies with over 10 GWh
consumption
Is determined every year
1.88 EUR/MWh
Exemptions
Energy tax reduction
524.95 EUR
Per connection
Is determined every year
521.81 EUR
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
16
Netherlands: Explanation table for TSO & DSO network charges
Category
Cost component/ exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
Charges
Vastrecht
TSO: 12,478.96 EUR
Fixed basic fee per year
Same as 2025
Network
Charges
Contracted Capacity
TSO: 54.99 EUR/kW
Paid on the contracted maximum capacity
Tariff for the extra high voltage level
60.65 EUR/kW
Network
Charges
Charge on monthly peak
TSO: 7.14 EUR/kW/month
Paid on the actual monthly peak
Tariff for the extra high voltage level
Can be reduced through the time-of-use tariffs
6.91 EUR/kW/month
Network
charges
Periodical connection charge
TSO: 1200 EUR/MW*km*a
Derived from this study where they calculate with
480 kEUR for a 400 MW battery
This charge is individually calculated by TenneT
for customers on the extra high voltage level
Same as 2025
Network
Charges
Vastrecht
DSO: 230 EUR/month
Fixed basic fee per year
Same as 2025
Network
Charges
Contracted Capacity
DSO: 3.80 EUR/kW/month
Paid on the contracted maximum capacity
Tariff for the extra high voltage level
DSO: 3.61
EUR/kW/month
Network
Charges
Charge on monthly peak
DSO: 5.23 EUR/kW/month
Paid on the actual monthly peak
Tariff for the extra high voltage level
DSO: 4.57
EUR/kW/month
Network
charges
Periodical connection charge
DSO: 1056 EUR/month
Covers the cost of maintaining and administering
the physical network connection
DSO: 1002
EUR/month
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
17
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Flexibility instruments in the Netherlands
Time-of-Use Tariffs
Time-Block-Based
Transmission Rights
Time-Dependent
Transmission Rights (TDTR)
Fully Variable Transport
Right (VVTR)
Explanation
Different weighting factors bring incentives to
shift consumers’ load to off-peak times (of the
grid/system) to reduce charge on consumers’
monthly peak. Currently only applicable on
TSO level – each consumer connected to
TSO level must apply this tariff once the
system operator implements it.
Large consumers - on DSO level
with connections of 3 x 80 MVA
or higher - can obtain a contract
that gives them a fixed part of
the day or a fixed period of the
year of transmission capacity in
exchange for a discount.
Consumers are granted full
transport rights for at least 85%
of the time and may be limited to
15% of the time in exchange for a
substantial discount.
Agreement whereby members
are allocated transport capacity
outside grids’ / systems’ peak
times at a discount on the net
tariff
Mechanics
▪ By shifting consumption customers can
reduce their network charge on the monthly
peak load
▪ Five different levels indicate grids’ / systems’
peak and off-peak times. Each is weighted
with an individual factor (cf. next slide)
▪ For each hour, the maximum average peak
of the quarterly hours is multiplied with the
factor. Thereby, the monthly peak relevant
for network charges is derived.
▪ Current pilot contracts have a
night block and a
summer/winter block in which
consumers can obtain
transmission rights for lower
grid tariffs.
▪ Contract with guaranteed
capacity 85% of the time, in the
remaining 15% the capacity can
be limited between 0.1 and
100% decided by TenneT (with
at least 24 hours' notice)
▪ Compensation based on
individual negotiation
▪ The available capacity of the
grid is determined on a daily
basis by network operator and
can be allocated throughout
the day to all consumers with
VVTR (of the same voltage
level)
Go-live
▪ Start on TSO level in Jan 2025
▪ Start on DSO level expected for 2027
▪ End of 2025 by the latest
▪ TenneT will offer TDTR from 1st
October, 2025
▪ Offer of 9.1 GW capacity (total)
▪ Supposed to start in February
2025, but currently not
technically possible (Source)
Benefit for
users
▪ Up to 30-40% savings on the network
charge on monthly peak
▪ Discounted grid tariffs
according to percentage of
access*
▪ Up to 50% discount on grid
tariffs (Standardized in the
“tarievencode” by ACM)
▪ Discounted grid tariffs
(Standardized in the
“tarievencode” by ACM)
*e.g. 12 out of 24 hours provides a 50% discount; 6 out of 24 hours provide a 75% discounts. You get
invoiced according to the grid access.
18
This study will only consider time-of-use tariffs, as the other instruments are individual contracts that cannot be
quantified for a generic consumer.
Netherlands: Calculation of the
charge on monthly peak with time-of-use tariffs
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
With the time-of-use tariffs consumers on the TSO level can reduce their
charge on monthly peak by shifting consumption to off-peak periods.
Calculation of the monthly peak with time-of-use tariffs:
For every hour of the year, a weighting factor is defined and
multiplied with the (average*) load of each quarter hour within this
hour. The weighted load for each quarter hour i is therefore calculated
by:
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖,max average 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
For each month the highest weighted load is used to determine the
monthly peak and thereby, the network charge on the monthly peak.
For baseload users the weighting factor will always be the highest
possible factor of each month resulting in an average factor of 0.9 over
the year. Through flexibility consumers can obtain a lower factor and
therefore a lower grid charge.
*Please note that we do not have final evidence about this
assumption. Yet, [1] refers to “quarterly hour value[s]” and we did
not find further information about this. In fact, it could also be the
real peak of each time unit which would of course lead to higher
peaks.
Tariff level Weighting
factor
1
1.0
2
0.9
3
0.8
4
0.7
5
0.6
19
Tariff levels throughout the year (Source: ACM)
Netherlands: Calculation of the compensation
on CO2 component of electricity price
20
Method:
▪ For this study the general fallback efficiency benchmark is used: Starting from 0,8
in 2021 the factor is reduced by 1.09% annually from 2022.
→
0.774 for compensation of costs from 2024 (for 2025: 0.766)
▪ Compensation is paid for the previous year, so the calculated value on this slide
refers to the compensation for 2024.
Calculation:
▪ Aid intensity: 75%;
▪ Country specific CO2 emission factor for the Netherlands: 0.45 tCO2/MWh (see
Annex VI for calculation)
▪ Efficiency benchmark: 0.774
▪ EUA price for the accounting year 2024: 89.29 EUR/tCO2 (Source)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
→
Compensation of: 89.29 EUR/tCO2 * 0.45 tCO2/MWh * 0.75 * 0.774 = 23.32 EUR/MWh
Country introduction - Germany
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
Germany + Luxembourg are one
bidding zone (DE/LU)
A single day-ahead & intraday price
applies nationwide. The zone hosts
Europe’s largest power market and is
linked to nine neighbours (NL, BE, FR, CH,
AT, CZ, PL, DK, SE).
▪
TSO 50Hertz, TenneT, Amprion,
TransnetBW
Operates the 220–380 kV transmission grid
and jointly apply a harmonised nationwide
transmission-use-of-system charge set by
BNetzA. Large customers therefore pay
identical EUR/kW + EUR/kWh rates
regardless of TSO area.
▪
DSO Westnetz
We focus on the “HS 110 kV”
(Hochspannung) tariff – the highest standard
DSO level for large industrial sites.
▪
Current policy watch-list
Restructure of the network carges
mechanisms incl. reliefs 2024-28 (BNetzA)
Industry power price announced in coalition
contract of current government
21
Germany: Explanation table for taxes, levies and fees
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Taxes
Energy Tax
0.50 EUR/MWh
0 EUR/MWh for Electrolysers
Reduced tax for companies § 9b StromStG
Electrolysers are fully exempt
Same as 2025
Levies/Fees
Concession Fee
1.10 EUR/MWh
Levy to the municipalities in return for the use of public
roads and paths for the installation of power lines
Same as 2025
Exemptions
Relief on
concession fee
1.10 EUR/MWh
Relief on concession fee if electricity costs > 210.40
EUR/MWh Source
Same as 2025
Levies/Fees
Surcharge for
special grid
utilisation
15.58 EUR/MWh for the first 1 GWh
For exceeding consumption either
a) 0.50 EUR/MWh or
b) 0.25 EUR/MWh if electricity
costs > 4% of revenue
Former § 19 StromNEV levy. Levy to compensate grid
operators for the reduction in revenue resulting from
the grid fee relief for electricity-intensive industry and
since this year also for additional costs due to the
integration of renewable energies
6.43 EUR/MWh for the first
1 GWh
Strong increase due to
inclusion of more costs
Levies/Fees
Offshore-levy
8.16 EUR/MWh
0 EUR/MWh for Electrolysers
Levy to promote the construction and operation of
offshore connection lines
6.56 EUR/MWh
0 EUR/MWh for
Electrolysers
Levies/Fees
CHP-levy
2.77 EUR/MWh
0 EUR/MWh for Electrolysers
Levy to promote the generation of electricity from CHP
2.75 EUR/MWh
0 EUR/MWh for
Electrolysers
Exemption
Exemption from
CHP- and
Offshore-levy for
electrolysers
Relief of 100%
Electrolysers that produce green hydrogen are fully
exempt from the levies § 25 EnFG
Same as 2025
22
Germany: Explanation table for taxes, levies and fees
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Exemptions
Relief on CHP- and
Offshore-levy
Sector list 1 (Annex II):
▪
Limitation to 15% of the levies
▪
Further limitation to 0.5% of gross added
value
▪
Limitation only until levies reach 0.50
EUR/MWh
Sector list 2 (Annex II):
▪
Limitation to 15% of the levies, when
significant portion of energy use from RES
▪
Further limitation to 0.5% of gross added
value when significant portion of energy
use from RES, otherwise 1%
▪
Otherwise limitation to 25% of the levies
▪
Limitation only until levies reach
0.5 EUR/MWh and not below
Relief for electricity cost-intensive industries to limit
the levies in order to maintain their international
competitiveness
Same as 2025
23
Germany: Explanation table for TSO & DSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost
component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
Charges
Fixed charge
TSO: 127.74 EUR/kW*a
0 EUR/MWh for Electrolysers
Paid for the yearly peak
Electrolysers are fully exempt
158.98 EUR/kW*a
0 EUR/MWh for
Electrolysers
Network
Charges
Variable charge
TSO: 13.3 EUR/MWh
0 EUR/MWh for Electrolysers
Paid for consumption
Electrolysers are fully exempt
11.20 EUR/MWh
0 EUR/MWh for
Electrolysers
Exemptions
Individual
network charges
TSO:
Offtake hours ≥ 7000h: 80% reduction
Offtake hours ≥ 7500h: 85% reduction
Offtake hours ≥ 8000h: 90% reduction
Network charge relief for energy intensive
industries
Percentage equals the maximum reduction
possible, the actual reduction can be lower
Same as 2025
Network
Charges
Fixed charge
DSO: 206.88 EUR/kW*a
Paid for the yearly peak
DSO: 189.16 EUR/kW*a
Network
Charges
Variable charge
DSO: 3.70 EUR/MWh
Paid for consumption
DSO: 4.20 EUR/MWh
24
25
Germany: Calculation of the compensation
on CO2 component of electricity price
Method:
▪ For this study the general fallback efficiency benchmark is used: Starting from 0.8 in
2021 the factor is reduced by 1.09% annually from 2022.
→
0.766 for compensation of costs from 2025 (for 2024: 0.774)
▪ Compensation is paid for the previous year, so the calculated value on this slide refers to
the compensation for 2025.
▪ This study does not assume that the supercap applies.
Calculation:
▪ Aid intensity: 75%;
▪ Country specific CO2 emission factor for Germany: 0.72 tCO2/MWh (see Annex VI for
calculation)
▪ Efficiency benchmark: 0.766
▪ EUA price for the accounting year 2024: 89.29 EUR/tCO2 (Source)
▪ Super cap: When remaining indirect costs after compensation of 75% exceed 1.5% of
the company's gross value added, the exceeding part is also compensated.
▪ Although a “base amount” of 5% of the relevant EUA price, but at least 5 EUR/tCO2, is
excluded from the super cap.
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
→
Compensation of: 89.29 EUR/tCO2 * 0.72 tCO2/MWh * 0.75 * 0.766 = 36.93 EUR/MWh
Country introduction - France
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
France is one bidding zone (FR)
A single day-ahead & intraday price
applies nationwide. The zone combines
Europe’s largest nuclear fleet with strong
hydro and growing offshore links to GB, BE,
DE, ES & IT.
▪
TSO RTE
Operates the 63–400 kV network and
applies a uniform nationwide transmission
tariff (TURPE HTB) set by CRE. All high-
voltage users pay the same EUR/kW
capacity and EUR/MWh energy
components, regardless of location.
▪
DSO Enedis
Runs the 15–20 kV HTA and low-voltage
grids across 95% of mainland France. We
focus on its “HTA ≥250 kVA” tariff band –
the highest standard distribution level
available to large industrial consumers.
▪
Current policy watch-list
TURPE 7 (2025-29): CRE plans higher
locational signals and a larger capacity share
in DS tariffs.
End of ARENH scheme in Dec 2025.
26
France: Explanation table for taxes, levies and fees
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Electricity
production
costs
The ARENH scheme
ARENH price: 42 EUR/MWh
For detailed calculation see here
100 TWh of energy from nuclear power plants can
be obtained at a fixed price of 42 EUR/MWh
Amount of energy that can be obtained at ARENH
price by the individual customer depends on share
of consumption hours during ARENH hours
Same as 2025
Taxes
Energy Tax
(TICFE/CSPE)
Energy intensive companies
Electro-intensity ≥ 0.5% → 7.50 EUR/MWh
Electro-intensity ≥ 3.375% → 5 EUR/MWh
Electro-intensity ≥ 6.75% → 2 EUR/MWh
Sector exposed to international
competition
Electro-intensity ≥ 0.5% → 5.5 EUR/MWh
Electro-intensity ≥ 3.375% → 2.5 EUR/MWh
Electro-intensity ≥ 6.75% → 1 EUR/MWh
Sector with risk of carbon-leakage
Electro-intensity ≥ 13.5% → 0.50 EUR/MWh
Electrolysers: 0,00 EUR/MWh
▪ Standard tax rate: 22.50 EUR/MWh for large
industry and 26.23 EUR/MWh for medium sized
▪ Reduced rates for energy-intensive industries
described in article L312-65 (Annex III)
▪ Additional reduced rates for companies exposed
to international competition (L312-72, Annex III)
▪ Additional reduced rates for companies with risk
of carbon leakage (L312-73, Annex III)
▪ Electrolysers are exempt from energy tax (L312-65,
Same as 2025
Taxes
CTA
10.11% of fixed grid charges
Contribution Tarifaire d’Acheminement (CTA)
Applied to the fixed part of the TURPE grid tariff
(management + metering) to finance pensions in
the energy sector
Same as 2025
27
France: Explanation table for TSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
costs
Management
Component
11,545.32 EUR/year
Annual administration component
10,032.24 EUR/year
Network
costs
Component for
taking off
electricity
4.10 EUR/MWh
Annual withdrawal component
3.50 EUR/MWh
Network
costs
Metering tariff
3,800.04 EUR/year (when RTE owned)
682.20 EUR/year (when self owned)
Annual metering component
3,302.04 EUR/year (when RTE
owned)
592.80 EUR/year (when self
owned)
Exemption
Network charge
reduction
Reduction rate:
▪ Stable profile: 81%
▪ Anticyclical profile: 74%
▪ Large consumer: 76%
Stable profile: > 7000h and > 10 GWh
consumption
Anticyclical profile: off-peak network utilisation
rate greater than or equal to 0.44 and > 10
GWh consumption
Large consumer: >500 GWh consumption;
off-peak network utilisation rate ≥ 0.40 and
< 0.44;
Same as 2025
28
France: Explanation table for DSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost
component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network costs
Management
Component
499.80 EUR/year
Annual administration component
484.68 EUR/year
Network costs
Consumption
component:
Consumption
Part
Depends on the individual consumption
in the five different time windows.
Sum of consumption in time window
multiplied with factor of time window
For detailed calculation see next slide.
Consumption charges based on consumption in
different time windows
Increase of off-peak
factors lead to higher
consumption charges
Network costs
Consumption
component:
Power Part
Depends on the individual peak load in
each of the five different time windows.
For detailed calculation see next slide.
Power charges based on peak load in different
time windows
Increase of peak factors
lead to higher charges on
power
Network costs
Metering tariff
376.39 EUR/year
Annual metering component
364.84 EUR/year
29
France enables its industrial consumers to obtain a large share of nuclear power at a
regulated low price through the ARENH scheme
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
The ARENH scheme (Accès Régulé à l’Electricité Nucléaire Historique, ARENH) enables electricity suppliers different from EDF to obtain part of the
nuclear electricity production from EDF under specific conditions set by the French public authorities.
Method:
▪ The total amount of obtainable energy is capped at 100 TWh (25% of the historical yearly nuclear production) with a price of 42 EUR/MWh.
▪ The amount of purchasable at the ARENH price depends on consumption during the ARENH hours (see table). The share of consumption hours in
the total ARENH hours multiplied by a reduction coefficient (0.844 since 1 January 2024) results in the share of total consumption that can be
covered with electricity at the ARENH price.
▪ If suppliers apply for more than 100 TWh in total, the amount the individual supplier (and therefore assumably also each individual consumer)
receives gets reduced additionally. For 2025 suppliers applied for 134.93 TWh, this results in a reduction of 25.89%.
Future of the ARENH scheme:
The scheme expires at the end of 2025 and will be replaced by a new scheme, the “Versement du Nucléaire Universel”.
The new mechanism introduces a tax on the use of nuclear fuel for electricity production, applied when the income from the operation of EDF’s
nuclear plants exceeds a certain threshold. If the income exceeds this "taxation threshold," 50% of the revenue above this threshold will be collected.
If the income surpasses a second, higher threshold, called the "capping threshold," 90% of the revenue above this second threshold will also be
collected. Additionally, a “universal nuclear payment” is planned to be collected and redistributed to end consumers, forming in essence a price cap
on nuclear energy. Details on the thresholds and the universal nuclear payment are yet to be decided. (Source)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Weekdays
Hours between
1 and 7 AM
All hours
Weekend + bank
holidays
All hours
30
France: Calculation of the
Consumption component of the DSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
The consumption component is split into a consumption part
(EUR/MWh) and a power part (EUR/kW) which depend on consumption
and peak load in the five time-windows shown in the picture on the
right.
The tariffs are divided into “long-term” (LU) and “short-term” (CU) tariffs
based on the consumption profile. The eligibility depends on load-factor:
CU is allowed only when annual utilisation is ≤ 2500 h, otherwise LU
applies. For the both DSO consumers in this study the LU charges
apply.
Calculation of the consumption component:
The consumption part is calculated by multiplying the consumption in
each time window with the respective factor and summing the five
values together.
Calculation of the power component:
With bi being the peak load in the time window PSi:
𝑏1 ∗ 𝑃𝑆1 +
𝑖=2
5
𝑏𝑖 ∗ (𝑃𝑆𝑖−𝑃𝑆𝑖−1)
If the peak in PS1 is 1 MW and the peak in PS2 is 1.5 MW, this means that
the factor of PS1 has to be multiplied with 1 MW and the factor of PS2
with 0.5 MW.
Peak Hours
(PS1)
High Season
Peak
(PS2)
High Season
Off-Peak
(PS3)
Low Season
Peak
(PS4)
Low Season
Off-Peak
(PS5)
CU €/kW
14.41
14.41
14.41
12.55
11.22
CU €/kWh
5.74
4.23
1.99
1.01
0.69
LU €/kW
35.33
32.30
20.39
14.33
11.56
LU €/kWh
2.65
2.10
1.47
0.92
0.68
31
32
France: Calculation of the compensation
on CO2 component of electricity price
Method:
▪ For this study the general fallback efficiency benchmark is used: Starting from 0.8 in
2021 the factor is reduced by 1.09% annually from 2022.
→
0.766 for compensation of costs from 2025 (for 2024: 0.774)
▪ Compensation is paid for the previous year, so the calculated value on this slide refers to
the compensation for 2025.
▪ This study does not assume that the supercap applies.
Calculation:
▪ Aid intensity: 75%;
▪ Country specific CO2 emission factor for France: 0.51 tCO2/MWh (valid until 2025, will be
updated for the 2026-2030 period, see Annex VI for calculation)
▪ Efficiency benchmark: 0.766
▪ EUA price for the accounting year 2024: 89.29 EUR/tCO2 (Source)
▪ Super cap: When remaining indirect costs after compensation of 75% exceed 1.5% of
the company's gross value added, the exceeding part is also compensated.
▪ Compensation from super cap may not exceed 25% of the indirect costs occurred
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
→
Compensation of 89.29 EUR/tCO2 * 0.51 tCO2/MWh * 0.75 * 0.766 = 26.16 EUR/MWh
United Kingdom: Explanation table for TSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 GBP = 1.1811 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
Charges
Half-Hourly Demand
Tariffs
Midlands: 3.53 (EUR/kW)
Eastern: 1.31 (EUR/kW)
South Wales: 8.12 (EUR/kW)
South East: 6.57 (EUR/kW)
London: 8.74 (EUR/kW)
Southern: 8.93 (EUR/kW)
South Western: 11.95 (EUR/kW)
Locational based tariff. Applies on demand in the
three half hours of the year with the highest
network load.
The average HH gross tariff is set at 10.03
EUR/kW
Average: 7.67 EUR/MWh
Network
charges
Non-Locational
demand residual
charges
Demand >189 GWh: 15,114.20
EUR/Site/day
Charge to participate all consumers in the costs
of the transmission network regardless of their
location. Applies in addition to the HH tariffs.
14,123.74 EUR/Site/day
Network
charges
Balancing Services
Use of System
18.53 EUR/MWh
Paid by all consumers to recover the cost of day-
to-day operation including the cost of balancing
the electricity transmission system.
Applies from October 2025 to March 2026
12.69 EUR/MWh
Relief
EII Network Charging
Cost Compensation
(NCC)
60% compensation of network charges
Exemption for Energy Intensive Industries
(Source)
Same as 2025
33
Country introduction - Belgium
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
Belgium is one bidding zone (BE)
A single day-ahead & intraday price
applies nationwide. We focus on Flanders
which hosts most of the country’s petro-
chemical and auto clusters and is strongly
interconnected with NL, FR & DE.
▪
TSO Elia
Operates the 70–380 kV network and
levies a uniform federal transmission tariff
(TAR 2024-27) approved by CREG, so large
users face identical EUR/kW + EUR/MWh
charges nationwide.
▪
DSO Fluvius
Manages the 15–36 kV MS and LV networks
across all five Flemish provinces. We model
its “MS ≥ 1 MW” tariff class – the highest
standard distribution level for industrial sites.
▪
Current policy watch-list
Tariff reset 2025-28: CREG shifting DSO
charges toward capacity component
Announced policy plans by new Belgian
government to lower grid tariffs for energy-
intensive industry
Flanders
34
Belgium: Explanation table for taxes, levies and fees
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Taxes
Special excise duty
(On federal level)
0-20 MWh: 14.21 EUR/MWh
20-50 MWh: 12.09 EUR/MWh
50-1000 MWh: 11.39 EUR/MWh
1,000-25,000 MWh: 10.69 EUR/MWh
25,000-100,000 MWh: 2.73 EUR/MWh
> 100,000 MWh: 0.50 EUR/MWh
Electrolysers: 0.00 EUR/MWh
Special excise duty for commercial
consumers
For each segment the respective excise
duty has to be paid and accumulated in
the end
Electrolysers are exempt from the special
excise duty (Art. 429)
Same as 2025
Levies
Levy for the taxes,
pylons and trenches
0.4669 in EUR/MWh
Regional levy
0.5429 in
EUR/MWh
Certificate
schemes
Green Certificates
97.40 EUR/MWh * 11.0%
Quota: 11.0% (Art. 7.1.10)
Only 11.0% of the consumption must be
covered by certificates, Prices from Elia
98.11 EUR/MWh *
18.0%
Exemption
Reduction of Green
Certificates
Consumption from 1 to 20 GWh: 47%
Consumption from 20 to 250 GWh: 80%
Consumption above 250 GWh: 98%
The consumption that has to be covered
can be reduced additionally
Same as 2025
Certificate
schemes
Cogeneration
Certificates (CHP)
20.98 EUR/MWh * 14%
Quota: 14% (Art. 7.1.11)
Only 14% of the consumption must be
covered by certificates, Prices from Elia
21.92 EUR/MWh *
11.2%
Exemption
Reduction of
Cogeneration
Certificates
Consumption from 1 to 20 GWh: 47%
Consumption from 20 to 100 GWh: 50%
Consumption from 100 to 250 GWh: 80%
Consumption above 250 GWh: 85%
The consumption that has to be covered
can be reduced additionally
Same as 2025
35
Belgium: Explanation table for TSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/ exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
Charges
Tariffs for the management of the
electric system
2.5949 EUR/MWh
Management charge
0.2992 EUR/MWh
Network
Charges
Tariff for the
monthly peak offtake
0.3950 EUR/kW
Each month the ten highest peaks measured are
excluded. Tariff is then applied to the highest
peak measured during the month
0.1986 EUR/kW
Network
Charges
Tariff for the yearly peak offtake
9.8260 EUR/kW
Each month the ten highest peaks measured are
excluded. The tariff is then applied to the highest
peak measured during the annual peak tariff
period
4.9552 EUR/kW
Network
Charges
Tariff for the power put at
disposal
7.5485 EUR/kVA
Tariff on the power that is made available (similar
to Tariff on contracted capacity in NL)
3.7292 EUR/kVA
Network
Charges
Tariff for the control energy and
black-start
1.8861 EUR/MWh
Tariff to compensate imbalances
1.8002 EUR/MWh
Network
Charges
Tariffs for market integration
0.7425 EUR/MWh
Tariffs for electricity market integration
0.3646 EUR/MWh
36
Belgium: Explanation table for DSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
Charges
Tariffs for data
management
56.56 EUR/a
Management charge
95.73 EUR/a
Network
Charges
Tariff for the
monthly peak offtake
4.93 EUR/kW/month
Tariff is applied to the highest peak measured during the
month
3.45 EUR/kW/month
Network
Charges
Tariff for the power
put at disposal
43.61 EUR/kVA
Tariff on the power that is made available (similar to
Tariff on contracted capacity in NL)
33.73 EUR/kVA
Network
Charges
Tariffs for public
service obligations
4.90 EUR/MWh
Share of transmission costs covered via tariffs for legally
required services (e.g. social tariffs, green energy,
universal access). Source
3.94 EUR/MWh
Network
Charges
Surcharge rates
0.25 EUR/MWh
Share of transmission costs passed on through
surcharges for system-related measures (e.g. capacity
mechanism or RES schemes). Source
0.33 EUR/MWh
37
38
Belgium: Calculation of the compensation
on CO2 component of electricity price
Method:
▪ For this study the general fallback efficiency benchmark is used: Starting from 0.8 in 2021
the factor is reduced by 1.09% annually from 2022.
→
0.766 for compensation of costs from 2025 (for 2024: 0.774)
▪ Compensation is paid for the previous year, so the calculated value on this slide refers to
the compensation for 2025.
▪ This study does not assume that the supercap applies.
Calculation:
▪ Aid intensity: 75%
▪ Country specific CO2 emission factor for Belgium: 0.51 tCO2/MWh; (valid until 2025, will
be updated for the 2026-2030 period, see Annex VI for calculation)
▪ Efficiency benchmark: 0.766
▪ EUA price for the accounting year 2024: 89.29 EUR/tCO2 (Source)
▪ Supercap: When remaining indirect costs after compensation of 75% exceed 1.5% of the
company's gross value added, the exceeding part is also compensated.
▪ Compensation with supercap may not exceed aid intensity of 90%.
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
→
Compensation of 89.29 EUR/tCO2 * 0.51 tCO2/MWh * 0.75 * 0.766 = 26.16 EUR/MWh
DK1
Country introduction – Denmark
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
Denmark is split into two bidding
zones (DK1 West, DK2 East)
We focus on DK1 (West Denmark) due to
its large industrial base and mature
wholesale market liquidity.
▪
TSO Energinet
Responsible for high-voltage (132–400
kV) transmission, balancing and market
facilitation.
▪
DSO Cerius
Covers the 50 kV and 66 kV networks in the
Copenhagen metropolitan and Zealand areas.
We focus on the A-høj (high-voltage) tariff
category at 50/66 kV – the highest standard
DSO level for large industry.
▪
Current policy watch-list
Network Tariff Reform (2026+): Energinet
consultation to shift from energy-based to
capacity-based transmission tariffs for
high-voltage consumers.
•
39
Denmark: Explanation table for taxes, levies and fees
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 DKK = 0.13 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost
component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Taxes
Electricity Tax
(Elafgift)
Normal tariff: 96.48 EUR/MWh
Reduced tariff: 0.54 EUR/MWh
Valid if the company is:
- is VAT-registered
- uses electricity for eligible process purposes
- has 100% VAT-liable turnover (i.e. sells only to B2B or
taxable markets)
Normal tariff: 101.97 EUR/MWh
Reduced tariff: 0.53 EUR/MWh
Fees
Balance
responsibility
fee (BRPs)
Balancing fee = 0.13 EUR/MWh
Weekly fee (per BRP) = 30 EUR/
week
- Covers the processing of meter data and financial
settlement of imbalances.
- Charged it to the Balance Responsible Party, who
passes it through in the supply invoice.
Same as 2025
40
Denmark: Explanation table for TSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 DKK = 0.13 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost component/ exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
Charges
Transmission tariff (standard
consumers)
7.50 EUR/MWh
Charge for using the high-voltage
transmission network (132-400 kV) Uniform
across DK
9.1 EUR/MWh
Network
Charges
Reduced transmission tariff
(> 100 GWh/year)
3.50 EUR/MWh
Discounted tariff for large industrial
consumers with limited grid access
4.6 EUR/MWh
System
Charges
System tariff (standard
consumers)
9.90 EUR/MWh
For the share above 100 GWh: 0.99
EUR/MWh
Covers system services, market operations, IT
and security of supply
8.6 EUR/MWh
For the share above 100
GWh: 0.68 EUR/MWh
System
Charges
System subscription
24.40 EUR/year
Annual fixed charge per metering point in
the transmission network
Same as 2025
41
Denmark: Explanation table for DSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 DKK = 0.13 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
Charges
Transmission tariff
(standard
consumers)
8.20 EUR/MWh
Transmission grid tariff for consumers in
distribution networks
9.93 EUR/MWh
System
Charges
System tariff
(standard
consumers)
9.90 EUR/MWh
For the share above 100 GWh: 0.99
EUR/MWh
Covers system services, market operations, IT
and security of supply
6.85 EUR/MWh
For the share above 100 GWh: 0.68
EUR/MWh
Network
Charges
Variable energy
tariff
The consumption follows the official
hour-bands = 1.35 EUR/MWh
Time-of-use tariff for 50/66 kV users; weights
taken from “Tarifmodel 3.0” hour count.
Cerius (and every DSO on “Tarifmodel 3.0”)
defines its three price-bands purely by clock-
rules.
Approximately 2.35 EUR/MWh
Network
Charges
Capacity charge
(“Effektbetaling”)
0.50 EUR/MWh
Monthly fee on contracted demand (5 MW);
pays for high-voltage feeder capacity.
Was introduced in 2025
Network
Charges
Net subscription
(meter fee)
319.12 EUR/year
Fixed annual charge for the HV consumption
meter; no volume exemption.
320.40 EUR/year
42
Country introduction – United Kingdom
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
Great Britain is one bidding zone
(GB)
UK comprising of England, Scotland and
Wales (known as GB) clear at a single day-
ahead & intraday price while Northern
Ireland trades separately in SEM.
▪
TSO ESO
Dispatches the 275/400 kV network
owned by NGET, SP Transmission and
SSEN Transmission. Large demand users
face a uniform (£/kW + £/MWh) TNUoS
demand charge set under Ofgem’s RIIO-T2
price control.
▪
DSO Electricity North West
Operates the 132/33 kV and 11 kV networks
across North-West England. We focus on its
HV < 33 kV demand band – the highest
standard DSO tariff available to energy-
intensive sites.
▪
Current policy watch-list
England
43
United Kingdom: Explanation table for taxes, levies and fees
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 GBP = 1,1811 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Levies/Fee
Climate change
levy
9.15 EUR/MWh
Penalty for non-registration: 295 EUR
Reduction of the CCL charges when entering
into a CCA with the Environmental Agency
Climate change agreements (CCL)
▪
reduction of 92% in the CCL rate paid on
electricity bills
Same as 2025
Levies/Fee
Renewables
Obligation (RO)
Buy-out price: 79.13 EUR/ROC
Obligation level
(England/Wales/Scotland):
0.493 ROCs/MWh
Suppliers are obligated to source a minimum
share of electricity from renewables. If not met,
a buy-out price per ROC must be paid.
Exemption from the indirect costs of the
Renewables Obligation of 100% possible for
energy intensive industries Source
Buy-out price: 76.38 EUR/ROC
Obligation level
(England/Wales/Scotland):
0.491 ROCs/MWh
Levies/Fee
AAHEDC
(Assistance for High
Distribution Costs)
0.49 EUR/MWh
Compensation mechanism to support regions
with high distribution costs
0.50 EUR/MWh
44
United Kingdom: Explanation table for DSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 GBP = 1,1811 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Value of 2024
Network
Charges
Consumption
charge
Depends on the individual load in each of the
three different time windows.
For detailed calculation see next slide.
Consumption charges based on load in
different time windows
Red and Amber time band
increased from 2024
Network
charges
Capacity Charge
110.31 EUR/MVA per day
Charge on the maximum capacity
39.32 EUR/MVA per day
Network
charges
Fixed Charge
65 EUR/day per Site
Fixed charge
220.30 EUR/day per site
Network
charges
Residual charging
bands
22,989.43 EUR/year per site
Charge to participate all consumers in the
costs of the network regardless of their
location.
79,662 EUR/year per site
Network
charges
Balancing Services
Use of System
18.53 EUR/MWh
Paid by all consumers to recover the cost of
day-to-day operation including the cost of
balancing the electricity transmission system.
Applies from October 2025 to March 2026
12.69 EUR/MWh
Relief
EII Network
Charging Cost
Compensation
(NCC)
60% compensation of network charges
possible
Exemption for Energy Intensive Industries
(Source)
Same as 2025
45
United Kingdom: Calculation of the
consumption charge of the DSO network
charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
The consumption charge depends on consumption in three different
time windows, as presented in the top table.
The charge for each time window depends on the voltage level and
connection capacity. For the analysed distribution system operator (DSO)
consumer profiles in this study, the voltage level is high voltage (HV) and
the connection capacity is 4,500 kVA. Therefore, the prices for 'Band 4'
apply (see the table at the bottom).
The resulting charges for the three time-windows, as well as the fixed
and capacity charges, are listed in the middle table. The residual charge
per MPAN can be seen in the table at the bottom.
Voltage of
Connection
Band
Units
Lower
Threshold*
Upper
Threshold*
Residual
Charge per
MPAN (€)
Designated
Properties
connected at
HV
1
kVA
0
422
1,595.78
2
kVA
422
1,000
4,325.77
3
kVA
1,000
1,800
9,058.27
4
kVA
1,800
∞
22,989.43
Sources: Numbers
Time Bands for LV and HV Designated Properties
Time periods
Red Time
Band
Amber Time
Band
Green Time Band
Monday to Friday
(Including Bank
Holidays)
16:00 to 19:00
09:00 to 16:00
19:00 to 20:30
00.00 - 09.00
20.30 - 24.00
Saturday and Sunday
16:00 to 19:00
00.00 - 16.00
19.00 - 24.00
Red/black
unit charge
€/MWh
Amber/yellow
unit charge
€/MWh
Green unit
charge
€/MWh
Fixed charge
€/MPAN/day
Capacity
charge
€/MVA/day
HV Site
Specific
Band 4
64.64
8.46
0.44
65
110.31
Exchange rate: 1 GBP = 1.1811 EUR (2024)
46
47
United Kingdom: Calculation of the
compensation on CO2 component of electricity price
Method:
▪ The government uses the average UK ETS allowance price for the previous fiscal year (April 2023
- March 2024) and combines it with the fixed Carbon Price Support (CPS) rate to derive a single
carbon cost.
▪ If the installation’s total indirect CO₂ cost exceeds 5 percent of the larger of its Gross Value
Added (GVA) or its total production costs (excluding electricity), it passes the “5 % filter test” and
may receive compensation.
▪ For all sectors listed in Table 1 of the UK guidance, the aid-intensity (subsidy) rate is 85%.
▪ For this study the general fallback efficiency benchmark of 0.8 is used.
Calculation:
▪ Input parameters (2024 → paid 2025)
▪ UK ETS average 2023-24 price: 40.06 £/tCO₂
▪ Carbon Price Support rate: 18.00 £/t
▪ CO₂ Emission factor (DESNZ): 0.44 tCO₂/MWh
▪ Aid intensity for eligible SIC codes: 85%
▪ CO₂ cost calculation
▪ Combined carbon price: 40.06 + 18 = 58.06 £/tCO₂
▪ CO₂ cost per MWh: 58.06 × 0.44 = 25.54 £/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
→
Compensation of
25.54 £/tCO2 * 0.44 tCO2/MWh * 0.85 * 0.8 = 17.37 £/MWh
→
17.37 £/MWh = 20.52 €/MWh
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
48
Assumptions for baseload large industry consumer profile (Profile A)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
General assumptions
▪ Consumption per year: 1,000,000 MWh (1 TWh)
▪ Full load hours: 8000 h
▪ (Monthly) peak load & contracted capacity: 125 MW
▪ Connection to the highest voltage grid level (TSO) of the
transmission grid in each country (220/380KV)
▪ Level of electro-intensity: maximum level assumed for the
relevant countries (Germany, France, UK)
▪ Length of connection is 0.5 km (relevant for periodical connection
charge)
▪ For individual grid tariffs the highest possible reduction of the
applying step is assumed (e.g. for FLH ≥ 8000h the full 90%
reduction is assumed)
▪ Sector of List 1 or List 2 + significant use of energy from RES, i. e.
qualification for a reduction of the CHP and offshore levy (Annex II)
▪ Metering device is owned by RTE
▪ Energy-intensive company with exposition to international
competition and carbon leakage (relevant for energy tax) (Annex III)
▪ For the reduction of the network charges the “stable profile” applies
Country specific assumptions*
▪ Energy-intensive company eligible for Energy Intensive Industry (EII)
certificate (List in Annex IV)
▪ No specific assumptions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Profile of the baseload large industry consumer
49
* These assumptions are valid for all countries but
only relevant in the country they are assigned to
Lo
ad
in
MW
Hours of the day
-11%
-13%
+2%
Baseload large industry: Effective electricity costs with and w/o indirect cost
compensation in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
-21%
-80%
-56%
-35%
-19%
-19%
Baseload large industry:
1 TWh/a, 8000 FLH
125 MW capacity
-46%
50
-21%
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
100%
88
112
112
135
62
98
24
60
51
75
113
101
91
187
91
94
177
115
Network charges and reductions
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Price with indirect cost compensation
ARENH (lowering energy costs)
Indirect cost compensation*
* Applicable sectors: production of various
metals, hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper
Baseload large industry: Commodity prices 2025 versus 2024
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
51
2025
92
2025
93
2025
48
2025
90
2024
77
2024
79
2024
55
2024
70
2025
84
2025
103
2024
71
86
2024
€/MWh
Vastrecht
0,01
6,87
9,64
0,08
2025
Baseload large industry: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
0,78
2025
48,39
0,78
0,50 49,67
2025
1,60
1,33
2025
93,07
2,93
2,41
98,41
2025
2025
2025
€/MWh
91,82
16,60
3,21
111,63
2025
2025
Contracted
capacity
Periodical
connection
charge
Charge on
monthly peak
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Network charge
after reductions
52
Fixed
charge
Variable
charge
Baseload large industry: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
10,12
2025
103,34
10,12
1,22 114,68
2025
3,90
1,88
2025
84,47
5,78
0,54
90,79
2025
2025
2025
1,89
0,74
1,23
0,94
2,59
0,59
2025
90,16
7,99
2,70
100,85
2025
2025
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Charge on
monthly peak
Tariffs for
management of
the electric system
Power charge
Charge on yearly peak
Market integration tariffs
Tariffs for power reserve
and black start
System tariff
Transmission
tariffs
Network charge
after reductions
53
€/MWh
Baseload large industry: Taxes, levies and fees divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
0,50
2025
48,39
0,78
0,50 49,67
2025
Electricity tax
0,50
1,22
0,42
0,27
2025
93,07
2,93
2,41
98,41
2025
Offshore
levy
CHP levy
Surcharge for special
grid usage
2025
2025
3,21
2025
91,82
16,60
3,21
111,63
2025
2025
54
€/MWh
Electricity tax
Electricity tax
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Baseload large industry: Taxes, levies, fees divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
1,22
2025
103,34
10,12
1,22 114,68
2025
0,54
2025
84,47
5,78
0,54
90,79
2025
2025
2025
0,92
1,31
0,47
2025
90,16
7,99
2,70
100,85
2025
2025
Levy
(Flanders)
Electricity tax
Certification
scheme
55
€/MWh
Electricity tax
Electricity tax
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
56
Netherlands: Network charges for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
0,01
6,87
9,64
0,08
16,60
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Vastrecht: 12,478.96 EUR/a → 0.0125 EUR/MWh
▪ Contracted capacity: 54.99 EUR/kW
▪ Contracted Capacity/Peak load: 125 MW → 6.87 EUR/MWh
▪ Charge on monthly peak: 7.14 EUR/kW/month
▪ Average monthly peak load: 125 MW
▪ Average weighting factor (time of use): 0.9
→
9.64 EUR/MWh
▪ Periodical connection charge: 75,000 EUR/a → 0.08 EUR/MWh
→
Network charges amount to 16.60 EUR/MWh
Contracted
capacity
Vastrecht
Monthly
charge
Periodical
connection
charge
57
Netherlands: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
3,21
3,21
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Energy tax: 3.21 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Energy tax reduction: 524.95 EUR → 0.0005 EUR/MWh
→
Only taxes apply in the amount 3.21 EUR/MWh
Energy
tax
58
16,6
3,21
19,81
2025
Netherlands: The non-commodity components of the electricity costs increased –
increase of the electricity tax offsets the decrease of network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
18,03
1,88
19,91
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
71% Energy taxes increased from 1.88 EUR/MWh to 3.21
EUR/MWh.
9% The contracted capacity charge decreased from around
61 EUR/kW to 55 EUR/kW. Additionally the introduction of time-
of-use tariffs leads to lower network charges although the
charge on monthly peak increased slightly.
Comparison of electricity costs for a baseload large industry in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
59
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
60
Germany: Network charges for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
15,97
13,30
26,34
2,93
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Fixed charge: 127.74 EUR/kW
▪ Peak Load: 125 MW → 15.97 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable charge: 13.30 EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ Individual network charges for >8000 FLH: 90% reduction possible
→
26.34 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 2.93 EUR/MWh
Reduction from individual
network charges
Fixed charge
Variable charge
61
Germany: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
0,50
1,10
8,16
2,77
0,27
1,10
9,28
2,42
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Electricity tax: 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Offshore-levy: 8.16 EUR/MWh
▪ KWK-levy: 2.77 EUR/MWh
▪ Surcharge for special grid usage:
▪ 15.58 EUR/MWh for the first 1000 MWh
▪ For every MWh exceeding this: 0.25 EUR/MWh
▪ For 1 TWh → 0.27 EUR/MWh
▪ Concession fee: 1.10 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of 100% of the concession fee → 1.10 EUR/MWh
▪ Relief of 85% of the offshore and CHP levy for energy consumption
over 1000 MWh (not the first 1000 MWh)
→
9.28 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 2.42 EUR/MWh
Relief on offshore- and
CHP-levy
Relief on concession fee
Electricity tax
Concession fee
Offshore levy
CHP levy
Surcharge for special grid usage
62
2,93
2,41
5,34
2025
Germany: The non-commodity components of the electricity costs increased slightly –
increase of levies offsets the decrease of network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
3,11
2,16
5,27
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
12% Overall, the amount of taxes and levies has increased, mainly
due to the increase in the offshore levy. Taxes and the CHP levy remained
stable, and the increase in the surcharge for the special grid charge
(formerly the § 19 StromNEV levy) has no effect on large consumers, who
pay a fixed amount for most of their consumption.
6% The variable charge increased but the fixed charge decreased
for the extra high voltage level in Germany leading to overall slightly lower
network charges for the baseload consumers.
Comparison of electricity costs for a baseload large industry in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
63
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
64
65
France – Influence of the ARENH scheme on
commodity prices of baseload large industry
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
The amount of energy available at the ARENH price is limited to 100 TWh. If
the requested amount is higher than 100 TWh, a reduction for all parties
applying is necessary.
▪ Requested amount of energy for 2025: 134.93 TWh (Source)
▪ Necessary reduction: (134.93 TWh – 100 TWh) / 134.93 TWh = 25.89%
The amount of ARENH available to a consumer depends on its consumption
profile, and more specifically on its consumption during the so-called
“ARENH” hours (see Source for overview of ARENH hours)
▪ Baseload large industry consumer has constant load
→
8000 h / 8760 h = 91.32%
Resulting percentage of consumption that can be obtained under ARENH
scheme including the capping:
▪ 91.32% * (1 – 25.89%) = 67.68%
Resulting commodity price for baseload large industry:
▪ Commodity price: 67.68% * ARENH price + 32.32% * market price
→
67.68% * 42 EUR/MWh + 32.32% * 66.69 EUR/MWh = 49.98 EUR/MWh
France: Network charges for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
0,01
4,10
3,32
0,78
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Management Component: 11,545.32 EUR/year
▪ Consumption: 1 TWh → 0.01 EUR/MWh
▪ Metering charge: 3,800.04 EUR/year
▪ Consumption: 1 TWh → 0.0038 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable charge: 4.10 EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ For >7000 FLH: 81% reduction
▪ Charges: 4.10 EUR/MWh → 3.32 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 0.78 EUR/MWh
Reduction of
network charges
Management
component
Variable charge
66
France: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
0,50
0,50
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Energy tax:
▪ Sector with risk of carbon leakage & electro-intensity > 13.5%
→
0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ CTA: 10.11% of the fixed part of the network charges
▪ Management and Metering cost → 0.0015 EUR/MWh
→
Only taxes apply in the amount 0.50 EUR/MWh
Energy
tax
67
0,78
0,5
1,28
2025
France: The non-commodity components of the electricity costs increased – while taxes
and levies remained stable, the network charges increased
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
0,67
0,5
1,17
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
The reduction of the energy tax to 0.50 EUR/MWh, which was part
of the tariff shield (“bouclier tarifaire”) that was introduced to lower energy
cost during the energy crisis, is still valid until the end of 2025.
16% The network charge increased from 2024 to 2025 by 16%
Comparison of electricity costs for a baseload large industry in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
68
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
69
Belgium: Network charges for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
0,94
0,59
1,23
0,74
1,89
2,59
7,98
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Fixed charges
▪ Tariff for the power put at disposal (i) -> 0.94 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariff for the monthly peak for the offtake (ii)
▪ Peak load: 125 MW -> 0.59 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariff for the yearly peak for the offtake (iii) -> 1.23 EUR/MWh
Variable charges
▪ Tariff for market integration (iv) -> 0.74 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariff for the power reserves and black-start (v) -> 1.89 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariff for the management of the electric system (vi) -> 2.59 EUR/MWh
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
→
Network charges amount to 7.98 EUR/MWh
70
Belgium: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
0,92
0,47
10,71
2,94
9,96
2,38
2,70
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and other costs:
▪ Special Excise Duty: 0.92 EUR/MWh
▪ Levy for the tax's pylons and trenches: 0.47 EUR/MWh
Certification scheme
▪ Green Certificates: 97.40 EUR/MWh * 11%
→
10.71 EUR/MWh
▪ Cogeneration: 20.98 EUR/MWh * 14.0%
→
2.94 EUR/MWh
Exemptions
▪ Green Certificates: reduction of 93% → 9.96 EUR/MWh
▪ Cogeneration: reduction of 81% → 2.38 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes and levies: 2.70 EUR/MWh
Special excise duty
Green Certificates
Cogeneration
Certificate
Levy for Flanders
Green Certificates
Cogeneration
Certificate
71
7,98
2,7
10,68
2025
Belgium: The non-commodity components of the electricity costs increased
significantly as the network charges increased offsetting the decrease of taxes and levies
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
3,85
3,17
7,02
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
15% The decrease of the regional Levy in Flanders as well as the
quota for green certificates lead to lower overall taxes levies and fees in
the Flanders region.
108% The cost of all network components increased significantly,
leading to a more than doubling of network charges between 2024 and
2025.
Comparison of electricity costs for a baseload large industry in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
72
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
73
Denmark: Network charges for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
3,90
1,88
5,78
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Transmission tariff:
▪ First 100 GWh: 7.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Exceeding consumption: 3.50 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 3.90 EUR/MWh
▪ System tariff:
▪ First 100 GWh: 9.90 EUR/MWh
▪ Exceeding consumption: 0.99 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 1.88 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 5.78 EUR/MWh
Transmission
tariff
System
tariff
74
Denmark: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
96,48
95,94
0,54
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Electricity tax: 96.48 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of everything but 0.54 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 0.54 EUR/MWh
Electricity tax
Relief on
Electricity tax
75
5,78
0,54
6,32
2025
Denmark: The non-commodity components of the electricity costs rose slightly, as
higher TSO network charges outweighed the virtually unchanged taxes and surcharges.
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
5,28
0,53
5,81
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
2% Taxes and surcharges are virtually unchanged: the Danish PSO
levy is still zero and the “Elafgift” remains at its reduced level, so 2025 adds
only a token +0.01 EUR/MWh from the index-linked system-subscription
fee
9% Energinet raised both the transmission and system tariffs to
fund grid upgrades and higher ancillary-service costs, nudging total
network charges up by ≈ 9 %
Comparison of electricity costs for a baseload large industry in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
76
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
77
United Kingdom: Network charges for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Half-hourly demand tariffs: 10.03 EUR/kW → 1.25 EUR/MWh
▪ Balancing Services Use of System: 18.53 EUR/MWh
▪ Non-Locational demand residual charges: 5.52 EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ EII Network Charging Cost Compensation (NCC) - 60%
compensation on network charging costs
→
Resulting network charges: 10.12 EUR/MWh
Balancing Services
Use of System
Half-hourly
demand tariffs
18,53
1,25
15,18
10,12
5,52
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Non-Locational demand
residual charges
78
United Kingdom: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a)
in 2025
9,15
39,05
0,49
8,42
39,05
1,22
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Climate Change Levy: 9.15 EUR/MWh
▪ Renewables Obligation: 39.05 EUR/MWh
▪ Assistance for High Distribution Costs (AAHEDC): 0.49 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of 92% on Climate Change Levy: 8.42 EUR/MWh
▪ Relief of 100% on Renewable Obligation: 39.05 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 1.22 EUR/MWh
Renewables
Obligation
Climate
Change Levy
AAHEDC
Relief on
Renewables
Obligation
Relief on
Climate
Change Levy
79
10,12
1,22
11,34
2025
United Kingdom: The non-commodity components of electricity costs increased, as higher
TSO balancing and network charges outweighed the virtually unchanged levies
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
7,52
1,23
8,75
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
1% The overall burden of taxes and levies stayed flat as the taxes
remained the same and any change in the levies was offset by the fact that
a 100% relief was offered.
35% Network charges climbed sharply as the BSUoS fee jumped
and TNUoS edged higher, driving the rise in non-commodity costs
between 2024 and 2025.
Comparison of electricity costs for a baseload large industry in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
80
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
81
Assumptions for the Electrolyser profile (Profile B)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
General assumptions
▪ Consumer is an Electrolyser, as an example for a flexible user
▪ Consumption per year: 1,200,000 MWh (1.2 TWh),
▪ (Monthly) peak load & contracted capacity: 250 MW
▪ Full load hours: 100% load from 0:00-06:00 and 11:00-
17:00 h; 10% load all remaining hours → Total: 4818 h
▪ Connection to the highest voltage grid level (TSO) of the
transmission grid in each country (220/380KV)
▪ Level of electro-intensity: Maximum level assumed for the
relevant countries (Germany, France, UK)
▪ Length of connection is 0.5 km (relevant for periodical connection
charge)
▪ Electricity Cost > 4% of revenue, resulting in a § 19 StromNEV-levy
of 0.25 EUR/MWh for the consumption above 1 GWh
▪ Sector of List 1 or List 2 + significant use of energy from RES, i. e.
qualification for a reduction of the CHP and offshore levy (Annex II)
▪ Metering device is owned by RTE
▪ Energy-intensive company with exposition to international
competition and carbon leakage (relevant for energy tax) (Annex III)
▪ For the reduction of the network charges the “anticyclical profile”
applies
Country specific assumptions*
▪ Energy-intensive company eligible for Energy Intensive Industry (EII)
certificate (List in Annex IV)
▪ No specific assumptions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Profile of the electrolyser
82
* These assumptions are valid for all countries but
only relevant in the country they are assigned to
Lo
ad
in
MW
Hours of the day
2025
105
2025
82
-22%
2025
-61%
2025
78
41
-38%
Electrolyser: Effective electricity costs with and without indirect cost compensation
in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
-77%
-41%
2025
24
2025
62
2025
88
2025
50
-19%
-54%
-27%
2024
105
2025
77
2024
79
-29%
Electrolyser:
1.2 TWh/a, 4800 FLH
250 MW capacity
Percentage level: % difference
compared to the Netherlands.
2024
77
83
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Price with indirect cost compensation
Price without indirect cost compensation Price with indirect cost compensation*
-27%
100%
* Applicable sectors: production of various
metals, hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper
Electrolyser: Commodity prices 2025 versus 2024
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
84
2025
76
2025
78
2025
49
2025
77
2024
64
2024
66
2024
52
2024
59
2025
71
2025
94
2024
59
78
2024
€/MWh
77,95
0,26
78,21
2025
2025
Electrolyser: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
0,01
11,41
14,67
0,12
2025
Vastrecht
1,07
2025
49,35
1,07
50,42
2025
EUR/MWh
Contracted
capacity
Periodical
connection
charge
Charge on
monthly peak
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
75,87
26,22
3,21
105,30
2025
Network charges
after reductions
85
2025
2025
2025
9,33
2025
3,83
1,73
2025
Electrolyser: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
70,73
5,56
0,54
76,83
2025
EUR/MWh
76,61
9,81
1,67
88,09
2025
2025
94,34
9,33
1,22 104,89
2025
2025
1,89
0,74
2,04
1,57
2,59
0,98
2025
Charge on
monthly peak
Tariffs for
management of
the electric system
Power charge
Charge on yearly peak
Market integration tariffs
Tariffs for power reserve
and black start
System tariff
Transmission
tariffs
Network charge
after reductions
86
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
2025
Electrolyser: Taxes, levies, fees divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
0,26
2025
77,95
0,26
78,21
2025
2025
EUR/MWh
3,21
2025
Surcharge for
special grid
usage
75,87
26,22
3,21
105,30
2025
2025
49,35
1,07
50,42
2025
2025
87
Electricity Tax
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Electrolyser: Taxes, levies, fees divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
1,22
2025
0,54
2025
EUR/MWh
1,20
0,47
2025
Levy
(Flanders)
Certification
scheme
76,61
9,81
1,67
88,09
2025
70,73
5,56
0,54
76,83
2025
2025
2025
94,34
9,33
1,22 104,89
2025
2025
88
Electricity Tax
Electricity Tax
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
89
Netherlands: Network charges for an electrolyser in 2025
0,0125
11,41
14,67
0,12
26,22
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Vastrecht: 12,478.96 EUR/a → 0.0125 EUR/MWh
▪ Contracted capacity: 54.99 EUR/kW
▪ Contracted capacity/Peak load: 250 MW → 11.41 EUR/MWh
▪ Charge on monthly peak: 7.14 EUR/kW/month
▪ Average monthly peak load: 250 MW
▪ Average weighting factor (time-of-use): 0.825
→
14,67 EUR/MWh
▪ Periodical connection charge: 75,000 EUR/a → 0.12 EUR/MWh
→
Network charges amount to 26.22 EUR/MWh
Contracted
capacity
Vastrecht
Monthly
charge
Periodical
connection
charge
90
Netherlands: Taxes, levies and exemptions for an electrolyser in 2025
3,21
3,21
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, Levies and fees:
▪ Energy tax: 3.21 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Energy tax reduction: 524.95 EUR → 0.0005 EUR/MWh
→
Only taxes apply in the amount 3.21 EUR/MWh
Energy
tax
91
26,22
3,21
29,43
2025
Netherlands: The non-commodity components of the electricity costs increased –
increase of the electricity tax offsets the decrease of network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
29,93
1,88
31,81
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
71% Energy taxes increased from 1.88 EUR/MWh to 3.21 EUR/MWh
9% The contracted capacity charge decreased from around
61 EUR/kW to 55 EUR/kW. Additionally the introduction of time-
of-use tariffs leads to lower network charges although the
charge on monthly peak increased slightly.
Comparison of electricity costs for an electrolyser in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
92
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
93
Germany: Network charges for an electrolyser in 2025
26,50
13,30
39,81
0
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Fixed charge: 127.74 EUR/kW
▪ Peak Load: 250 MW → 26.5 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable charge: 13.30 EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ Exempt of the network charges → 39.81 EUR/MWh
→
Exemption of all network charges for electrolysers
→
Resulting network charges: 0.00 EUR/MWh
Network charge
exemption
Fixed charge
Variable charge
94
Germany: Taxes, levies and exemptions for an electrolyser in 2025
0,50
1,10
8,16
2,77
0,26
0,50
1,10
10,93
0,26
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, Levies and fees:
▪ Electricity tax: 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Offshore-levy: 8.16 EUR/MWh
▪ KWK-levy: 2.77 EUR/MWh
▪ Surcharge for special grid usage:
▪ 15.58 EUR/MWh for the first 1000 MWh
▪ For every MWh exceeding this: 0.25 EUR/MWh
▪ For 1 TWh → 0.26 EUR/MWh
▪ Concession fee: 1.10 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of 100% of the concession fee → 1.10 EUR/MWh
▪ Exempt of the offshore- and CHP-levy → 10.93 EUR/MWh
▪ Exempt of the electricity tax → 0.50 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 0.26 EUR/MWh
Relief on offshore- and
CHP-levy
Relief on concession fee
Electricity tax
Concession fee
Offshore levy
CHP levy
Surcharge for
special grid
usage
Tax
exemption
95
0
0,26
0,26
2025
Germany: No difference for electrolysers between 2024 and 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
0
0,26
0,26
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
The non-commodity components of electricity costs stayed
unchanged for electrolysers, as the residual §19 surcharge remained flat,
and all network-charge exemptions continued from 2024 into 2025.
Comparison of electricity costs for an electrolyser in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
96
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
97
98
France – Influence of the ARENH-scheme on
commodity prices of the Electrolyser
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
The amount of energy available at the ARENH price is limited to 100 TWh. If the requested
amount is higher than 100 TWh, a reduction for all parties applying is necessary.
▪ Requested amount of energy for 2025: 134.93 TWh (Source)
▪ Necessary reduction: (134.93 TWh – 100 TWh) / 134.93 TWh = 25.89%
Share of hours in operation during ARENH hours
▪ Weekdays in Apr, May, June, Sep and Oct between 1 and 7 AM (104 days):
▪ Full load between 1 and 6 AM: 520 h / 520 h
▪ 10% load between 6 and 7 AM: 10.4 h / 104 h
▪ Total: 530.4 h / 624 h
▪ Weekends in Apr, May, June, Sep and Oct and in July and Aug (110 days):
▪ Full load between 0:00 - 06:00 and 11:00 - 17:00: 1320 h / 1320 h
▪ 10% load between 06:00 - 11:00 and 17:00 - 0:00: 132 h / 1320 h
▪ Total: 530.4 h / 624 h
▪ → 1982.4 h / 3264 h = 60.74%
Resulting percentage of consumption that can be obtained under ARENH scheme including the
capping:
▪ 60.74% * (1 - 25.89%) = 45.01%
Resulting commodity price for electrolysers
▪ Commodity Price: 45.01% * ARENH Price + 54.99% * market price
→
45.01% * 42 EUR/MWh + 54.99% * 55.37 EUR/MWh = 49.35 EUR/MWh
France: Network charges for an electrolyser in 2025
0,01
4,10
3,04
1,06
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Management Component: 11,545.32 EUR/year
▪ Consumption: 1 TWh → 0.01 EUR/MWh
▪ Metering charge: 3,800.04 EUR/year
▪ Consumption: 1 TWh → 0.0038 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable charge: 4.10 EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ Anticyclical profile: offpeak utilization > 44% → 74% reduction
▪ Charges: 4.11 EUR/MWh → 3.04 EUR/MWh
→
Relief of 3.04 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting in network charges of 1.06 EUR/MWh
Reduction of
network charges
Management
component
Variable charge
99
France: Taxes, levies and exemptions for an electrolyser in 2025
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, Levies and fees:
▪ Energy tax: 0.00 EUR/MWh
▪ CTA: 10.11% of the fixed part of the network charges
▪ Management and Metering cost → 0.0015 EUR/MWh
→
Taxes in the amount 0.00 EUR/MWh apply
0,00
EUR/MWh
0,00
EUR/MWh
100
1,06
1,06
2025
France: The non-commodity elements rose only marginally in 2025
– slightly higher
TURPE network charges outweighed an unchanged tax/levy burden
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
0,91
0,91
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
The tax component stayed unchanged
18% The August 2024 indexation of TURPE 6 pushed the
transmission & system-services fee up modestly, raising network costs
from 0.91 EUR/MWh to 1.06 EUR/MWh for 2025.
Comparison of electricity costs for an electrolyser in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
101
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
102
Belgium: Network charges for an electrolyser in 2025
1,57
0,98
2,04
0,74
1,89
2,59
9,81
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Fixed charges
▪ Tariff for the power put at disposal (i) → 1.57 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariff for the monthly peak for the offtake (ii) → 0.98 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariff for the yearly peak for the offtake (iii) → 2.04 EUR/MWh
Variable charges
▪ Tariff for market integration (iv) → 0.74 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariff for the power reserves and black-start (v) → 1.89 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariff for the operation of the electric system (vi) → 2.59 EUR/MWh
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
→
Network charges amount to 9.81 EUR/MWh
103
Belgium: Taxes, levies and exemptions for an electrolyser in 2025
0,47
10,71
2,94
10,07
2,38
1,67
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, Levies and other costs:
▪ Special Excise Duty: 0.00 EUR/MWh
▪ Levy for the tax's pylons and trenches: 0.47 EUR/MWh
Certification scheme
▪ Green Certificates: 97.40 EUR/MWh * 11%
→
10.71 EUR/MWh
▪ Cogeneration: 20.98 EUR/MWh * 14%
→
2.94 EUR/MWh
Exemptions
▪ Green Certificates: reduction of 94% → 10.07 EUR/MWh
▪ Cogeneration: reduction of 81% → 2.38 EUR/MWh
Green Certificates
Cogeneration
Certificate
Levy for Flanders
Green Certificates
Cogeneration
Certificate
→
Resulting taxes and levies: 1.67 EUR/MWh
104
9,81
1,67
11,48
2025
Belgium: Non-commodity electricity costs for electrolysers jumped, as a steep rise in
network charges more than offset lower taxes and levies
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
4,76
2,12
6,88
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
21% The regional energy levy and green-certificate quota were
reduced, so the overall burden of taxes and surcharges fell.
106% The capacity-based and monthly-peak tariffs haves increased,
and the PSO levy rose as well, driving network costs to more than double
between 2024 and 2025.
Comparison of electricity costs for an electrolyser in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
105
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
106
Denmark: Network charges for an electrolyser in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Fixed charge
Variable charge
3,83
1,73
5,56
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Network charges
▪ Transmission tariff:
▪ First 100 GWh: 7.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Exceeding consumption: 3.50 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 3.83 EUR/MWh
▪ System tariff:
▪ First 100 GWh: 9.90 EUR/MWh
▪ Exceeding consumption: 0.99 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 1.73 EUR/MWh
107
→
Exemption of all network charges for electrolysers: 0 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 5.56 EUR/MWh
Denmark: Taxes, levies and exemptions for an electrolyser in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
96,48
95,94
0,54
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Electricity tax: 96.48 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of everything but 0.54 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 0.54 EUR/MWh
Electricity tax
Relief on
Electricity tax
108
5,56
0,54
6,1
2025
Denmark: The non-commodity components edged up in 2025, as higher network tariffs
outweighed an almost unchanged “Elafgift” and other surcharges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
4,64
0,53
5,17
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
2% The “Elafgift” for electrolysers stayed at the EU-minimum and
the fixed system-subscription fee changed only marginally, so the overall
burden of taxes and levies remained virtually flat
20% Energinet lifted both the transmission and system tariffs for
2025, raising total network costs by about one euro per MWh and driving
the modest increase in non-commodity costs
Comparison of electricity costs for an electrolyser in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
109
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
110
United Kingdom: Network charges for an electrolyser in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
18,53
0,21
13,99
9,33
4,58
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Network charges
▪ Half-hourly demand tariffs: 10.03 EUR/kW → 0.21 EUR/MWh
▪ Balancing Services Use of System: 18.53 EUR/MWh
▪ Non-Locational demand residual charges: 4.58 EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ EII Network Charging Cost Compensation (NCC) - 60%
compensation on network charging costs
→
Resulting network charges: 9.33 EUR/MWh
Balancing Services
Use of System
Half-hourly
demand tariffs
Non-Locational demand
residual charges
111
United Kingdom: Taxes, levies and exemptions for an electrolyser in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
9,15
39,05
0,49
8,42
39,05
1,22
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Climate Change Levy: 9.15 EUR/MWh
▪ Renewables Obligation: 39.05 EUR/MWh
▪ Assistance for High Distribution Costs (AAHEDC): 0.49 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of 92% on Climate Change Levy: 8.42 EUR/MWh
▪ Relief of 100% on Renewable Obligation: 39.05 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 1.22 EUR/MWh
Renewables
Obligation
Climate
Change Levy
AAHEDC
Relief on
Renewables
Obligation
Relief on
Climate
Change Levy
112
9,33
1,22
10,55
2025
United Kingdom: Non-commodity electricity costs increased in 2025 as steeper TSO
network tariffs outweighed virtually unchanged policy levies
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
6,85
1,23
8,08
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
1% The overall burden of taxes and levies only slightly increased as
the taxes remained the same.
36% Network costs rose mainly because Balancing Services Use-of-
System (BSUoS) jumped and demand charges edged higher, driving the
year-on-year increase in total non-commodity costs.
Comparison of electricity costs for an electrolyser in 2024
and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
113
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
114
Assumptions for the non-flexible medium industry consumer profile (Profile C)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
General assumptions
▪ Baseload production with average load of 2 MW in 24h on
weekdays (Monday to Friday)
▪ Yearly consumption: 12,000 MWh (12 GWh), 6000 Full load hours
▪ Contracted Capacity / (monthly) peak load: 4.5 MW
Contracted capacity only reached occasionally, usual load is 2 MW
▪ Connection to the highest DSO grid level in each country
▪ Level of electro-intensity: Maximum level assumed for the relevant
countries (Germany, France, UK)
▪ We assume this user to be in the food industry sector**, this sector
is not applicable for the indirect cost compensation
Country specific assumptions*
** The food industry sector is large in the Netherlands
and also exists in all other assessed countries
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Profile of the non-flexible medium industry consumer
Only Monday to Friday
Lo
ad
in
MW
▪ Sector of List 2 (food production) + significant use of energy from
RES, i. e. qualification for a reduction of the CHP and offshore levy
▪ Metering device is owned by RTE
▪ Energy-intensive company with no exposition to international
competition and no risk of carbon leakage (relevant for energy tax)
▪ No specific assumptions
115
Hours of the day
* These assumptions are valid for all countries but
only relevant in the country they are assigned to
Non-flexible medium industry: Effective electricity costs in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
2024
192
2024
104
2025
146
2025
71
2025
125
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
2025
190
-51%
-14%
-28%
116
+32%
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Non-flexible medium industry:
12 GWh/a, 6000 FLH
2 MW average load
4.5 MW contracted capacity
+31%
100%
Non-flexible medium industry: Commodity prices 2025 versus 2024
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
117
2025
100
2025
105
2025
61
2025
99
2024
85
2024
88
2024
55
2024
77
2025
93
2025
105
2024
77
87
2024
€/MWh
Vastrecht
0,23
17,10
23,54
1,06
2025
Non-flexible medium industry: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
118
0,04
1,42
5,89
0,03
2025
61,32
7,38
2,01
70,71
2025
77,58
3,70
2025
104,55
81,28
4,44
190,27
2025
2025
2025
EUR/MWh
100,49
41,93
3,17
145,59
2025
2025
Contracted
capacity
Periodical
connection
charge
Charge on
monthly peak
Management
fee
Metering
charge
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Non-flexible medium industry: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
1,92
9,58
15,10
1,98
18,53
2025
104,64
47,10
40,27
192,01
2025
0,50
1,71
0,50
8,20
0,03
2025
92,51
10,94
0,54
103,99
2025
2025
2025
EUR/MWh
1,85
1,36
4,90
0,25
2025
98,85
8,37
18,09
125,31
2025
2025
Surcharge
rates
PSO Tariffs
Capacity
charge
Charge on
monthly peak
Net subscription
fees
Capacity
charge
System
tariff
Transmission
tariff
Balancing
Services Use of
Systems
Residual
charging
bands
Consumption
charges
Capacity
charge
119
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Non-flexible medium industry: Taxes, levies, fees divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
2,00
0,10
2025
Electricity tax
0,50
2,41
1,53
2025
Offshore and
CHP levy
Surcharge for
special grid
usage
EUR/MWh
3,17
2025
100,49
41,93
3,17
145,59
2025
2025
104,55
81,28
4,44
190,27
2025
2025
61,32
7,38
2,01
70,71
2025
2025
CTA
120
Electricity tax
Electricity tax
Non-flexible medium industry: Taxes, levies, fees divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
0,73
39,05
0,49
2025
0,54
2025
EUR/MWh
10,75
6,87
0,47
2025
Levy
(Flanders)
Special excise
duty
Certification
scheme
98,85
8,37
18,09
125,31
2025
2025
90,66
10,87
0,54
102,07
2025
2025
103,72
45,91
40,27
189,90
2025
2025
AAHEDC
Renewables
Obligation
Climate
Change
Levy
121
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Electricity tax
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
122
Netherlands: Network charges for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
0,23
17,10
23,54
1,06
41,93
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Vastrecht: 2,760 EUR/a → 0.23 EUR/MWh
▪ Contracted capacity: 45.60 EUR/kW
▪ Contracted Capacity/Peak load: 4.5 MW → 17.10 EUR/MWh
▪ Charge on monthly peak: 5.23 EUR/kW/month
▪ Average monthly peak load: 4.5 MW → 23.54 EUR/MWh
▪ Periodical connection charge: 1,056 EUR/month → 1.06 EUR/MWh
→
Network charges amount to 41.93 EUR/MWh
Contracted
capacity
Vastrecht
Monthly
charge
Periodical
connection
charge
123
Netherlands: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a non-flexible medium industry
(12 GWh/a) in 2025
3,21
0,04
3,17
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Energy tax: 3.21 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Energy tax reduction: 524.95 EUR → 0.04 EUR/MWh
→
Only taxes apply in the amount 3.17 EUR/MWh
Energy
tax
Energy tax reduction
124
41,93
3,17
45,1
2025
Netherlands: The non-commodity electricity cost rose in 2025, driven by a higher
energy-tax rate and across-the-board increases in Liander’s DSO tariffs
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
40,41
1,84
42,25
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
72% The energy tax almost doubled for this consumption band
4% Liander indexed all three high-voltage DSO elements upward in
2025: the contracted-capacity fee (3.65 → 3.80 EUR/kW-month), the
monthly-peak charge (5.06 → 5.23 EUR/kW-month) and the periodical
connection charge (1002 → 1056 EUR/month)
Comparison of electricity costs for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
125
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
126
Germany: Network charges for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
77,58
3,70
81,28
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Fixed charge: 127.74 EUR/kW
▪ Peak Load: 4.5 MW → 77.58 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable charge: 3.70 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 81.28 EUR/MWh
Fixed charge
Variable charge
127
Germany: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Electricity tax: 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Offshore-levy: 8.16 EUR/MWh
▪ KWK-levy: 2.77 EUR/MWh
▪ Surcharge for special grid usage:
▪ 15.58 EUR/MWh for the first 1000 MWh
▪ For every MWh exceeding this: 0.25 EUR/MWh
▪ For 12 GWh → 1.53 EUR/MWh
▪ Concession fee: 1.10 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of 100% of the concession fee → 1.10 EUR/MWh
▪ Relief of 85% of the offshore and CHP levy for energy consumption
over 1000 MWh (not the first 1000 MWh)
→
8.52 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 4.44 EUR/MWh
128
0,50
1,53
2,77
8,16
1,10
2,16
6,36
1,10
4,44
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Relief on offshore-levy
Relief on concession fee
Electricity tax
Surcharge for special grid usage
Offshore levy
CHP levy
Concession fee
Relief on CHP-levy
81,28
4,44
2025
Germany: The non-commodity share of electricity costs rose in 2025
– higher DSO
tariffs offset the cut in the fixed capacity charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
75,14
3,32
78,46
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Comparison of electricity costs for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
85.72
129
8% Although the variable energy network charges dropped from
4.20 EUR/MWh to 3.70 EUR/MWh, the significant increase in the fixed
charge led to the total network cost climb eventually.
34% The burden of surcharges (special grid utilisation, offshore
liability levy, CHP levy) increased, lifting the taxes-and-levies component.
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
130
131
France – Influence of the ARENH-scheme on
commodity prices of the non-flexible medium
industry
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
The amount of energy available at the ARENH price is limited to 100 TWh. If
the requested amount is higher than 100 TWh, a reduction for all parties
applying is necessary.
▪ Requested amount of energy for 2025: 134.93 TWh (Source)
▪ Necessary reduction: (134.93 TWh – 100 TWh) / 134.93 TWh = 25.89%
The amount of ARENH available to a consumer depends on its consumption
profile, and more specifically on its consumption during the so-called
“ARENH” hours (see Source for overview of ARENH hours).
The consumption profile of the baseload DSO user qualifies for procuring
51.47% of its consumption at the ARENH price.
Resulting percentage of consumption that can be obtained under ARENH
scheme including the capping:
▪ 51.47% * (1 – 25.89%) = 38.14%
Resulting commodity price for non-flexible medium industry:
▪ Commodity price: 38.14% * ARENH price + 61.86% * market price
→
38.14% * 42 EUR/MWh + 61.86% * 73.23 EUR/MWh = 61.32 EUR/MWh
France: Network charges for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
0,04
1,42
7,96
6,47
0,03
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Management Component: 11,545.32 EUR/year
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 0.04 EUR/MWh
▪ Metering charge: 3,800.04 EUR/year
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 0.03 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable charge: 1.42 EUR/MWh
▪ Fixed charge: 6.47 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 7.96 EUR/MWh (any reductions)
Management
component
Variable charge
Fixed charge
Metering charge
132
France: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a non-flexible medium industry
(12 GWh/a) in 2025
2,00
2,01
0,01
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Energy tax:
▪ Sector with risk of carbon leakage & electro-intensity > 13.5%
→
2.00 EUR/MWh
▪ CTA: 10.11% of the fixed part of the network charges
▪ Management and Metering cost → 0.01 EUR/MWh
→
France does not apply any exemptions for non-flexible medium
industry customers; i.e. full taxes of 2.01 EUR/MWh apply
Energy
tax
CTA
133
7,96
2,01
9,97
2025
France: Non-commodity electricity costs increased from 2024 to 2025: while the taxes
remained the same, the network charges rose slightly
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
7,38
2,01
9,39
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
State surcharges (TICFE/CSPE, CTA) were frozen, so the taxes-and-
levies component stayed flat
8% The August 2024 indexation of TURPE 6 raised the
management and metering components
Comparison of electricity costs for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
134
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
135
Belgium: Network charges for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
0,25
1,36
1,85
4,90
8,36
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Charge on monthly peak: 1.85 EUR/MWh
▪ Capacity charge: 1.36 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariffs for public service obligations: 4.90 EUR/MWh
▪ Surcharge rates: 0.25 EUR/MWh
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
→
Network charges amount to 8.36 EUR/MWh (any reductions)
136
Belgium: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a non-flexible medium industry
(12 GWh/a) in 2025
10,75
0,47
10,71
2,94
6,11
0,76
18,00
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and other costs:
▪ Special Excise Duty: 10.75 EUR/MWh
▪ Levy for the tax's pylons and trenches: 0.47 EUR/MWh
Certification scheme
▪ Green Certificates: 97.40 EUR/MWh * 11%
→
10.71 EUR/MWh
▪ Cogeneration: 20.98 EUR/MWh * 14.0%
→
2.94 EUR/MWh
Exemptions
▪ Green Certificates: reduction of 93% → 6.11 EUR/MWh
▪ Cogeneration: reduction of 81% → 0.76 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes and levies: 18 EUR/MWh
Special excise duty
Green Certificates
Cogeneration
Certificate
Levy for Flanders
Green Certificates
Cogeneration
Certificate
137
8,37
18
26,37
2025
Belgium: Non-commodity electricity costs increased in 2025 as higher Fluvius network
charges outweighed the slight easing of levies and surcharges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
6,93
18,25
25,18
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
1% Regional PSO and federal surcharge rates fell marginally, nudging
the levy component down from 18.25 to 18 EUR/MWh
21% Fluvius lifted the capacity-related elements in 2025: the
charges on available power rose to 43.61 EUR/kVA, and the monthly-peak
fee to 4.93 EUR/kW/month. Even though the annual data-management
charge dropped to 56.56 EUR, total network costs climbed from 6.93 to
8.37 EUR/MWh
Comparison of electricity costs for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
138
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
139
Denmark: Network charges for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
8,20
1,71
10,94
0,50
0,50
0,03
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Transmission tariff: 8.20 EUR/MWh
▪ System tariff: 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable energy tariff: 1.71 EUR/MWh
▪ Capacity charge (“Effektbetaling”): 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Net subscription: 0.03 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 10.94 EUR/MWh
Transmission
tariff
System tariff
Variable energy
tariff
Capacity charge
Net subscription
140
Denmark: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2025
96,48
95,94
0,54
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Electricity tax: 96.48 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of everything but 0.54 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 0.54 EUR/MWh
Electricity tax
Relief on
Electricity tax
141
10,94
0,54
11,48
2025
Denmark: Non-commodity cost dipped only marginally in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
11,07
0,53
11,6
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
1% There was a slight increase in the electricity tax in 2025.
1% Under “Tarifmodel 3.0”, Cerius’ transmission charge for
consumers on distribution grids fell (9.93 → 8.20 EUR/MWh) and the
variable energy charge eased to about 1.35 EUR/MWh; these reductions
offset the new capacity charge (0.50 EUR/MWh), shaving total network
costs from 11.07 to 10.94 EUR/MWh
Comparison of electricity costs for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
142
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
143
United Kingdom: Network charges for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2025
18,53
15,10
47,11
9,58
1,98
1,92
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Capacity charge: 15.10 EUR/MWh
▪ Fixed charge: 1.98 EUR/MWh
▪ Consumption charges: 9.58 EUR/MWh
▪ Residual Charging Bands: 1.92 EUR/MWh
▪ Balancing Services Use of Systems: 18.53 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 47.11 EUR/MWh (any reductions)
Fixed charge
Consumption
charges
Residual Charging
Bands
Capacity charge
Balancing
Services Use of
Systems
144
United Kingdom: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a non-flexible medium
industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
39,05
0,49
9,15
8,42
40,27
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Climate Change Levy: 9.15 EUR/MWh
▪ Renewables Obligations (RO): 39.05 EUR/MWh
▪ AAHEDC (Assistance for High Distribution Costs): 0.49 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of Climate Change Levy → 8.42 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 40.27 EUR/MWh
Relief of Climate
Change Levy
Renewables
Obligations
Climate Change
Levy
AAHEDC
145
47,1
40,27
87,37
2025
United Kingdom: Higher BSUoS and consumption charges lift 2025 non-commodity
costs
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
40,99
38,77
79,76
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
15% The increase in Renewables Obligation (RO) charges leads to an
overall increase in the overall tax component even though the energy tax
remained the same as 2024.
4% A steeper consumption charge and higher capacity charges push
the network component from ≈ 41 EUR/MWh to 47.1 EUR/MWh.
Reductions in the fixed charge and the residual charge only partly offset
the rise.
Comparison of electricity costs for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
146
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
147
Assumptions for the flexible medium industry consumer profile (Profile D)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Country specific assumptions*
▪ Sector of List 2 (food production) + significant use of energy from
RES, i. e. qualification for a reduction of the CHP and offshore levy
▪ Metering device is owned by RTE
▪ Energy-intensive company with no exposition to international
competition and no risk of carbon leakage (relevant for energy tax)
▪ No specific assumptions
General assumptions
▪ Baseload with average load of 2 MW on weekdays (Monday to
Friday) with 30% flexibility (can shift 30% of load in 2 hours)
▪ Yearly consumption: 12,000 MWh (12 GWh), 4615 Full load hours
▪ Contracted Capacity / (monthly) peak load: 4.5 MW
Contracted capacity only reached occasionally, usual load is 2 MW
▪ Connection to the highest DSO grid level in each country
▪ Level of electro-intensity: Maximum level assumed for the relevant
countries (Germany, France, UK)
▪ We assume this user to be in the food industry sector**, this sector
is not applicable for the indirect cost compensation
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Exemplary profile of the flexible medium industry consumer
Only Monday to Friday
148
Lo
ad
in
MW
Hours of the day
** The food industry sector is large in the Netherlands
and also exists in all other assessed countries
* These assumptions are valid for all countries but
only relevant in the country they are assigned to
2024
190
2024
102
2025
143
2025
74
2025
123
2025
188
Flexible medium industry: Effective electricity costs in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
-48%
-14%
-29%
149
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
€/MWh
+33%
+31%
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
100%
Flexible medium industry:
12 GWh/a, 4615 FLH
usual load 1.4 - 2.6 MW
4.5 MW contracted capacity
Flexible medium industry: Commodity prices 2025 versus 2024
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
150
2025
98
2025
102
2025
63
2025
97
2024
83
2024
86
2024
55
2024
76
2025
91
2025
104
2024
76
86
2024
€/MWh
Vastrecht
0,23
17,10
23,54
1,06
2025
Flexible medium industry: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
151
0,04
1,41
7,50
0,03
2025
63,11
8,99
2,01
74,11
2025
77,58
3,70
2025
102,36
81,28
4,44
188,08
2025
2025
2025
EUR/MWh
98,31
41,93
3,17
143,41
2025
2025
Contracted
capacity
Periodical
connection
charge
Charge on
monthly peak
Management
fee
Metering
charge
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Flexible medium industry: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
1,92
8,39
15,10
1,98
18,53
2025
103,72
45,91
40,27
189,90
2025
0,50
1,65
0,50
8,20
0,03
2025
90,66
10,87
0,54
102,07
2025
2025
2025
EUR/MWh
1,85
1,36
4,90
0,25
2025
96,91
8,37
18,09
123,37
2025
2025
Surcharge
rates
PSO Tariffs
Capacity
charge
Charge on
monthly peak
Net subscription
fees
Capacity
charge
System
tariff
Transmission
tariff
Balancing
Services Use of
Systems
Residual
charging
bands
Consumption
charges
Capacity
charge
152
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Flexible medium industry: Taxes, levies, fees divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
2,00
0,10
2025
Electricity tax
0,50
2,41
1,53
2025
Offshore and
CHP levy
Surcharge for
special grid usage
EUR/MWh
3,17
2025
98,31
41,93
3,17 143,41
2025
2025
102,36
81,28
4,44
188,08
2025
2025
63,11
8,99
2,01
74,11
2025
2025
CTA
153
Electricity tax
Electricity tax
Flexible medium industry: Taxes, levies, fees divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
0,73
39,05
0,49
2025
0,54
2025
EUR/MWh
10,75
6,87
0,47
2025
Levy
(Flanders)
Special excise
duty
Certification
scheme
96,91
8,37
18,09
123,37
2025
2025
90,66
10,87
0,54
102,07
2025
2025
103,72
45,91
40,27
189,90
2025
2025
AAHEDC
Renewables
Obligation
Climate
Change
Levy
154
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Electricity tax
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
155
Netherlands: Network charges for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
0,23
17,10
23,54
1,06
41,93
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Vastrecht: 2,760 EUR/a → 0.23 EUR/MWh
▪ Contracted capacity: 45.60 EUR/kW
▪ Contracted Capacity/Peak load: 4.5 MW → 17.10 EUR/MWh
▪ Charge on monthly peak: 5.23 EUR/kW/month
▪ Average monthly peak load: 4.5 MW → 23.54 EUR/MWh
▪ Periodical connection charge: 1,056 EUR/month → 1.06 EUR/MWh
→
Network charges amount to 41.93 EUR/MWh
Contracted
capacity
Vastrecht
Monthly
charge
Periodical
connection
charge
156
Netherlands: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2025
3,21
0,04
3,17
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Energy tax: 3.21 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Energy tax reduction: 524.95 EUR → 0.04 EUR/MWh
→
Only taxes apply in the amount 3.17 EUR/MWh
Energy
tax
Energy tax reduction
157
41,96
3,17
45,13
2025
Netherlands: The non-commodity electricity cost rose in 2025, driven by a higher
energy-tax rate and across-the-board increases in Liander’s DSO charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
40,41
1,84
42,25
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
72% The electricity tax for this consumption band almost doubled,
pushing the taxes-and-levies component from 1.84 €/MWh to 3.17 €/MWh
4% Liander indexed all three high-voltage DSO elements upward
in 2025: the contracted-capacity fee (3.65 → 3.80 EUR/kW-month), the
monthly-peak charge (5.06 → 5.23 EUR/kW-month) and the periodical
connection charge (1002 → 1056 EUR/month)
Comparison of electricity costs for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
158
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
159
Germany: Network charges for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
77,58
3,70
81,28
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Fixed charge: 127.74 EUR/kW
▪ Peak Load: 4.5 MW → 77.58 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable charge: 3.70 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 81.28 EUR/MWh
Fixed charge
Variable charge
160
Germany: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in
2025
0,50
1,10
8,16
2,77
1,53
1,10
8,52
4,44
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Electricity tax: 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Offshore-levy: 8.16 EUR/MWh
▪ KWK-levy: 2.77 EUR/MWh
▪ Surcharge for special grid usage:
▪ 15.58 EUR/MWh for the first 1000 MWh
▪ For every MWh exceeding this: 0.25 EUR/MWh
▪ For 12 GWh → 1.53 EUR/MWh
▪ Concession fee: 1.10 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of 100% of the concession fee → 1.10 EUR/MWh
▪ Relief of 85% of the offshore and CHP levy for energy consumption
over 1000 MWh (not the first 1000 MWh)
→
8.52 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 4.44 EUR/MWh
Relief on offshore- and
CHP-levy
Relief on concession fee
Electricity tax
Concession fee
Offshore levy
CHP levy
Surcharge for special grid usage
161
81,28
4,44
2025
Germany: The non-commodity share of electricity costs rose in 2025
– higher DSO
charges offset the cut in the fixed capacity charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
75,14
3,32
78,46
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
34% The burden of surcharges (electricity tax, §19 network-relief
levy, offshore liability levy, CHP levy) increased, lifting the taxes-and-levies
component.
8% Although the variable energy charge dropped from 4.20
EUR/MWh to 3.70 EUR/MWh, the significant increase in the fixed charge
led to the total network cost climb eventually.
Comparison of electricity costs for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
85.72
162
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
163
164
France – Influence of the ARENH-scheme on
commodity prices of the flexible medium industry
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
The amount of energy available at the ARENH price is limited to 100 TWh. If
the requested amount is higher than 100 TWh, a reduction for all parties
applying is necessary.
▪ Requested amount of energy for 2025: 134.93 TWh (Source)
▪ Necessary reduction: (134.93 TWh – 100 TWh) / 134.93 TWh = 25.89%
The amount of ARENH available to a consumer depends on its consumption
profile, and more specifically on its consumption during the so-called
“ARENH” hours (see Source for overview of ARENH hours).
The consumption profile of the flexible DSO user qualifies for procuring
39.59% of its consumption at the ARENH price.
Resulting percentage of consumption that can be obtained under ARENH
scheme including the capping:
▪ 39.59% * (1 – 25.89%) = 29.34%
Resulting commodity price for the flexible DSO user
▪ Commodity price: 29.34% * ARENH price + 70.66% * market price
→
29.34% * 42 EUR/MWh + 70.66% * 71.87 EUR/MWh = 63.11 EUR/MWh
France: Network charges for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
0,04
1,41
8,98
7,50
0,03
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Management Component: 11,545.32 EUR/year
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 0.04 EUR/MWh
▪ Metering charge: 3,800.04 EUR/year
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 0.03 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable charge: 1.41 EUR/MWh
▪ Fixed charge: 7.50 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 8.98 EUR/MWh
Management
component
Variable charge
Fixed charge
Metering charge
165
France: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
2,00
2,01
0,01
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Energy tax:
▪ Sector with risk of carbon leakage & electro-intensity > 13.5%
→
2.00 EUR/MWh
▪ CTA: 10.11% of the fixed part of the network charges
▪ Management and Metering cost → 0.01 EUR/MWh
→
Only taxes apply in the amount 2.01 EUR/MWh
Energy
tax
CTA
166
8,99
2,01
11
2025
France: The non-commodity cost stayed flat as unchanged taxes and an offsetting
TURPE adjustment left the 2025 total virtually identical to 2024
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
8,99
2,01
11
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
The national surcharges were unchanged, leaving the tax component
constant.
The network costs remained almost identical.
Comparison of electricity costs for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
167
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
168
Belgium: Network charges for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
0,25
1,36
1,85
4,90
8,36
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Charge on monthly peak: 1.85 EUR/MWh
▪ Capacity charge: 1.36 EUR/MWh
▪ Tariffs for public service obligations: 4.90 EUR/MWh
▪ Surcharge rates: 0.25 EUR/MWh
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
→
Network charges amount to 8.36 EUR/MWh
169
Belgium: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2025
10,75
0,47
10,71
2,94
6,11
0,76
18,00
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and other costs:
▪ Special Excise Duty: 10.75 EUR/MWh
▪ Levy for the tax's pylons and trenches: 0.47 EUR/MWh
Certification scheme
▪ Green Certificates: 97.40 EUR/MWh * 11%
→
10.71 EUR/MWh
▪ Cogeneration: 20.98 EUR/MWh * 14.0%
→
2.94 EUR/MWh
Exemptions
▪ Green Certificates: reduction of 93% → 6.11 EUR/MWh
▪ Cogeneration: reduction of 81% → 0.76 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes and levies: 18 EUR/MWh
Special excise duty
Green Certificates
Cogeneration
Certificate
Levy for Flanders
Green Certificates
Cogeneration
Certificate
170
8,37
18
26,37
2025
Belgium: The non-commodity total increased as higher capacity and peak tariffs
outweighed modest levy relief
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
6,93
18,25
25,18
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
1% As with the baseload site, the combined PSO and surcharge
burden slipped slightly.
21% The flexible profile pays the same revised capacity-reservation
and peak-hour fees as the baseload consumers, so network costs likewise
rose from 6.93 to 8.37 EUR/MWh despite the lower data-management fee
and surcharge rates.
Comparison of electricity costs for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
171
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
172
Denmark: Network charges for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
8,20
1,65
10,88
0,50
0,50
0,03
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Transmission tariff: 8.20 EUR/MWh
▪ System tariff: 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Variable energy tariff: 1.65 EUR/MWh
▪ Capacity charge (“Effektbetaling”): 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Net subscription: 0.03 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 10.88 EUR/MWh
Transmission
tariff
System tariff
Variable energy
tariff
Capacity charge
Net subscription
173
Denmark: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2025
96,48
95,94
0,54
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Electricity tax: 96.48 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of everything but 0.54 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 0.54 EUR/MWh
Electricity tax
Relief on
Electricity tax
174
10,87
0,54
11,41
2025
Denmark: Lower time-band energy charges outweighed the new capacity fee, keeping
the 2025 non-commodity cost just a few cents below 2024
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
10,99
0,53
11,52
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
1% There was a slight increase in the electricity tax in 2025.
1% The profile benefits from the same transmission-charge cut
and lower clock-band energy rates, while paying the new capacity charge;
overall network costs dipped from 10.99 to 10.87 EUR/MWh.
Comparison of electricity costs for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
175
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
176
United Kingdom: Network charges for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
18,53
15,10
45,92
8,39
1,98
1,92
Network charges
Reductions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Capacity charge: 15.10 EUR/MWh
▪ Fixed charge: 1.98 EUR/MWh
▪ Consumption charges: 8.39 EUR/MWh
▪ Residual Charging Bands: 1.92 EUR/MWh
▪ Balancing Services Use of Systems: 18.53 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 45.92 EUR/MWh
Fixed charge
Consumption
charges
Residual Charging
Bands
Capacity charge
Balancing
Services Use of
Systems
177
United Kingdom: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a flexible medium industry
(12 GWh/a) in 2025
39,05
9,15
0,49
8,42
40,27
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Climate Change Levy: 9.15 EUR/MWh
▪ Renewables Obligations (RO): 39.05 EUR/MWh
▪ AAHEDC (Assistance for High Distribution Costs): 0.49 EUR/MWh
Exemptions:
▪ Relief of Climate Change Levy → 8.42 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 40.27 EUR/MWh
Relief of Climate
Change Levy
Renewables
Obligations
Climate Change
Levy
AAHEDC
178
45,92
40,27
86,19
2025
United Kingdom: Higher BSUoS and consumption charges lift 2025 non-commodity
costs
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
39,8
38,77
78,57
2024
Network charges
Taxes, levies and fees
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Numbers in EUR/MWh
Comparison of electricity costs for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2024 and 2025 including network charge exemptions and subsidies
179
5% The increase in Renewables Obligation (RO) charges leads to an
overall increase in the overall tax component even though the energy tax
remained the same as 2024.
15% A steeper consumption charge and higher capacity charges
push the network component from ≈ 40 EUR/MWh to 46 EUR/MWh.
Reductions in the fixed charge and the residual charge only partly offset
the rise.
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
180
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
181
Commodity cost in US and China
Baseload
36
Baseload
43
Electrolyser
34
Electrolyser
36
€/MWh
▪ Wholesale electricity in PJM’s PPL zone is driven by a convergence of structural advantages on the US side:
▪ Abundant low-cost shale gas: Marcellus-Utica production sits inside the PJM zone, pushing Henry Hub
spot gas below 3.5 EUR/MMBtu through most of 2025 [Source] .Because gas-fired units set the marginal
price in roughly 70 % of hours, that cheap fuel pulls the day-ahead/real-time prices for the PPL zone
down to the mid-30 EUR/MWh range—far beneath European hubs.
▪ Pennsylvania never completed its bid to join the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI); court
challenges and repeal votes have kept the rule “on hold” despite multiple attempts to revive it [Source].
With no state-level CO₂ fee, PJM generators pay at most a token RGGI cost in a few neighbouring states.
▪ A separate RPM capacity market lets plants recover fixed costs outside the energy offer along with the
congestion rents being rebated via ARR/FTR credits further lowers the overall prices for large industrial
consumers.
▪ Guangdong now operates one of China’s most transparent wholesale-power markets, and its clearing prices
underscore a structural cost advantage over Europe. Public data from the Guangzhou Power Exchange Centre
show that day-ahead electricity averaged ≈ 43 €/MWh during January-November 2024 [Source] .
▪ Guangdong’s wholesale power merit-order is dominated by low-marginal-cost coal and nuclear units
(coal still provided ≈ 60 % of China’s generation in 2023 [Source] ), and spot prices are kept inside a
“± 20 % band” around the regulated coal benchmark – Every province keeps a coal-fired benchmark
price and most bilateral market trades must stay within ± 20 % of that value [Source] .
▪ Therefore, if a large industry consumer in Guangdong signs the 2025 annual contract (≈ 50 €/MWh [Source]
) or optimises around the day-ahead mean (≈ 43 €/MWh), it still faces comparably less commodity costs
than its European counterparts.
▪ While Guangdong publishes the clearing prices for its day-ahead market and for the centralized
annual/monthly auctions, the large industry consumers frequently negotiate bespoke bilateral
contracts with generators or with the grid company. These deals are filed for volume approval, but the
actual price terms are treated as commercially confidential and never appear in public notices.
Baseload large industry: Network charges divided by component in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
43,41
18,03
3,56
65,00
2025
2025
EUR/MWh
36,40
14,12
8,33
58,85
2025
202
Network charges
after exemptions
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
182
The baseload large industry consumers in the
USA pay the full transmission-level network
charges with no significant exemptions.
Similarly, for China, aside from the automatic
10% high load factor discount on the capacity
charge, there are no other exemptions on
network charges.
4,83
3,04
0,46
2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2,45
0,86
0,25
2025
43,41
18,03
3,56
65,00
2025
2025
EUR/MWh
36,40
14,12
8,33
58,85
2025
2025
Baseload large industry: Taxes, levies and fees divided by component in 2025
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Administration
PA Gross-
Receipts Tax rate
AEPS Compliance
Costs
Renewable-
Energy Surcharge
Reservoir-Resettlement Fund
Major Water-Project Fund
183
The baseload large industry
consumers in the US pay all
statutory taxes and levies at
full rates with no
exemptions
China likewise offers no
preferential reductions on
the three national
surcharges (but may be
negotiated behind closed
doors)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
36,50
20,50
3,56
60,56
2025
EUR/MWh
33,75
22,47
8,61
64,83
2025
202
Network charges
after exemptions
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Electrolyser: Network charges divided by component in 2025
184
Similarly, for the Electrolyser, neither US nor
China do grant major exemptions for network
charges.
36,50
20,50
3,56
60,56
2025
2,45
0,86
0,25
2025
4,83
3,32
0,46
2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
EUR/MWh
2025
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Electrolyser: Taxes, levies, fees divided by component in 2025
33,75
22,41
8,61
64,77
2025
Administration
PA Gross-
Receipts Tax rate
AEPS Compliance
Costs
Renewable-
Energy Surcharge
Reservoir-Resettlement Fund
Major Water-Project Fund
185
Just like large baseload
industrial users,
Electrolysers in both the US
and China must pay all
applicable taxes and levies
at their full statutory rates,
with no special exemptions.
In China they may be
negotiated behind closed
doors.
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
186
Country introduction – United States of America
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
Why the PJM Zone?
PJM is the largest wholesale-power market,
serving about 65 million people across 13 states
and Washington DC.
Real-time Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) and
forward capacity auctions.
The footprint covers the “steel & chemicals belt”
from Chicago to the Mid-Atlantic, so PJM prices
are a good proxy for US-average industrial cost
pressure.
▪
PJM as the Regional Transmission
Operator (RTO)
PJM itself dispatches and coordinates the extra-
high-voltage backbone – primarily 500 kV and
345 kV lines, with taps down to 230 kV/138 kV
for direct-connect factories.
▪
DSO PPL Electric Utilities, Pennsylvania
We spotlight PPL because its territory spans one
of America’s most diversified manufacturing
hubs.
Our analysis focuses on 69 kV primary service
(LP-5 tariff) – the highest standard distribution
voltage PPL offers and the level at which
virtually all large Pennsylvania plants
interconnect.
187
USA: Explanation table for taxes, levies and fees
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Taxes
Pennsylvania Gross-
Receipts Tax (GRT)
5.9 % × (Energy + Capacity + Ancillary) = 3.04 EUR/
MWh
State tax on the supply portion of the bill
Levies
Administration
0.46 EUR/MWh
Levies
AEPS Compliance Costs
AEPS=k∑(Required % of retail load)×(Market price o
f 1 REC)
=4.83 EUR/MWh
The Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act makes every LSE or
self-supplying customer meet the REC quotas.
If self-schedule is done in PJM then the RECs are bought or retired; if
bundled supply is taken, then the LSE folds the REC price into the
energy charge.
Exchange rate: 1 USD = =0.924 EUR (2024)
188
USA: Explanation table for TSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 USD = =0.924 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Network
Charges
Network-Integration
Transmission Service (NITS)
(100391.92 EUR/MW-yr × 125 MW) ÷ 1000000
MWh
= 12.55 EUR/MWh
Zonal tariff for use of the 500 kV grid
Network
Charges
Transmission Enhancement
Cost Recovery (TEC)
2025 average = 2.64 EUR/MWh
Defined in OATT Schedule 12
Network
Charges
Schedule 1A –
Scheduling/Control (SSCD)
2025 average = 0.08 EUR/MWh
Relief
ARR/FTR refund
2024 Price = 1.15 EUR/MWh
Automatic monthly refunds of congestion revenues
189
USA: Explanation table for DSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 USD = =0.924 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Network
Charges
Network-Integration
Transmission Service
(NITS)
(100391,92 EUR/MW-yr × 4,5 MW) ÷ 12000
MWh
= 37.65 EUR/MWh
The share of the annual revenue requirement for every high-voltage asset in
the PPL zone – towers, lines, transformers, control rooms. Grants firm
network rights to withdraw power up to the PLC at any PJM node.
Network
Charges
Transmission
Enhancement Cost
Recovery (TEC)
2025 average for PPL = 2.64 EUR/MWh
Defined in OATT Schedule 12.
Collected pool-wide on a EUR/MWh basis
Network
Charges
Schedule 1A –
Scheduling/Control
(SSCD)
2025 average for PPL = 0.08 EUR/MWh
Reimburses PPL for running its 24×7 control center, SCADA, EMS.
Allocated to all load on a EUR/MWh basis.
Network
Charges
Distribution (LP-5)
Customer charge
Flat 918.45 EUR/month
PPL’s fixed cost of owning the 69 kV sub-station bay, meter, billing –
identical every month, no matter how many kWh is taken.
Network
Charges
Distribution (LP-5) ACR
Phase 4
976.66 EUR/kW.mo
Funds PPL’s Act 129 energy-efficiency programmes (rebates & low-income).
It is a demand-based rider billed per kW of Contract Demand (PLC).
190
USA: Network charges for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Network Integration Transmission Service (NITS): 100,391.92
EUR/MW.year
▪ Consumption: 1 TWh → 12.55 EUR/MWh
▪ Transmission Enhancement Cost Recovery (TEC): 2.64 EUR/MWh
▪ Transmission Owner Scheduling/Control (Schedule 1A): 0.08
EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ ARR/FTR refund → 1.15 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 14.12 EUR/MWh
12,55
2,64
0,08
1,15
14,12
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
NITS
TEC
Transmission Owner
Scheduling/Control
(Schedule 1A)
ARR/FTR
refund
191
USA: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
3,04
4,83
0,46
8,33
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ PA Gross-Receipts Tax rate - 5.9 % × (Energy + Capacity + Ancillary)
→
3.04 EUR/MWh
▪ Administration: 0.46 EUR/MWh
▪ AEPS compliance costs: 4.83 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 8.33 EUR/MWh
PA Gross-
Receipts Tax
AEPS
compliance
costs
Administration
192
USA: Network charges for an electrolyser in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Network Integration Transmission Service (NITS): 100,391.92
EUR/MW.year
▪ Consumption: 1,2 TWh → 20.90 EUR/MWh
▪ Transmission Enhancement Cost Recovery (TEC): 2.64 EUR/MWh
▪ Transmission Owner Scheduling/Control (Schedule 1A): 0.08
EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ ARR/FTR refund → 1.15 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 22.47 EUR/MWh
20,90
2,64
0,08
1,15
22,47
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
NITS
TEC
Transmission
Owner
Scheduling/Control
(Schedule 1A)
ARR/FTR
refund
193
USA: Taxes, levies and exemptions for an electrolyser in 2025
3,32
4,83
0,46
8,61
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ PA Gross-Receipts Tax rate - 5.9 % × (Energy + Capacity + Ancillary)
→
3.32 EUR/MWh
▪ Administration: 0.46 EUR/MWh
▪ AEPS compliance costs: 4.83 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 8.61 EUR/MWh
PA Gross-
Receipts Tax
AEPS
compliance
costs
Administration
194
USA: Network charges for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Network Integration Transmission Service (NITS): 100,391.92
EUR/MW.year
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 37.65 EUR/MWh
▪ Transmission Enhancement Cost Recovery (TEC): 2.64 EUR/MWh
▪ Transmission Owner Scheduling/Control (Schedule 1A): 0.08
EUR/MWh
▪ Distribution (LP-5) Customer charge: 918.75 EUR/month
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 0.92 EUR/MWh
▪ Distribution (LP-5) ACR Phase 4: 976.99 EUR/kW.month
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 4.40 EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ ARR/FTR refund → 1.15 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 44.54 EUR/MWh
37,65
2,64
0,08
1,15
44,54
0,92
4,40
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
NITS
TEC
Schedule 1A
ARR/FTR
refund
Distribution LP-5
Customer Charge
Distribution
LP-5 ACR
Phase 4
195
USA: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a non-flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a)
in 2025
3,98
4,83
0,65
9,46
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ PA Gross-Receipts Tax rate - 5.9 % × (Energy + Capacity + Ancillary)
→
3.98 EUR/MWh
▪ Administration: 0.65 EUR/MWh
▪ AEPS compliance costs: 4.83 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 9.46 EUR/MWh
PA Gross-
Receipts Tax
AEPS
compliance
costs
Administration
196
USA: Network charges for a flexible medium industry (12 GWh/a) in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
▪ Network Integration Transmission Service (NITS): 100,391.92
EUR/MW.year
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 37.65 EUR/MWh
▪ Transmission Enhancement Cost Recovery (TEC): 2.64 EUR/MWh
▪ Transmission Owner Scheduling/Control (Schedule 1A): 0.08
EUR/MWh
▪ Distribution (LP-5) Customer charge: 918.75 EUR/month
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 0.92 EUR/MWh
▪ Distribution (LP-5) ACR Phase 4: 976.99 EUR/kW.month
▪ Consumption: 12 GWh → 4.40 EUR/MWh
Network charge reduction
▪ ARR/FTR refund → 1.15 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting network charges: 44.54 EUR/MWh
37,65
2,64
0,08
1,15
44,54
0,92
4,40
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Network charges and reductions in EUR/MWh
NITS
TEC
Schedule 1A
ARR/FTR
refund
Distribution LP-5
Customer Charge
Distribution
LP-5 ACR
Phase 4
197
USA: Taxes, levies and exemptions for a flexible medium industry in 2025
3,77
4,83
0,65
9,25
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ PA Gross-Receipts Tax rate - 5.9 % × (Energy + Capacity + Ancillary)
→
3.77 EUR/MWh
▪ Administration: 0.65 EUR/MWh
▪ AEPS compliance costs: 4.83 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes, levies and fees: 9.25 EUR/MWh
PA Gross-
Receipts Tax
AEPS
compliance
costs
Administration
198
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
199
Country introduction – China
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
Why Guangdong / Pearl-River-Delta?
▪
Guangdong’s Pearl-River-Delta is China’s
single largest industrial load-pocket.
▪
Approximately 850 TWh consumed in 2023 –
about 9 % of the national total.
▪
Hosts flagship sites for Baowu (steel),
Sinopec (petrochemicals), Foxconn (electronics)
and GAC (automotive).
▪
Many heavy plants already at 220 kV or
higher.
▪
One of only two provinces running a
commercial day-ahead spot market, with
public trade bulletins.
▪
TSO China Southern Power Grid (CSG) →
Guangdong Power Grid Co.
Operates 500 kV HVAC and ±800 kV HVDC
backbones.
Industrial users normally connect at 220 kV,
with 110 kV feeders for mid-sized loads.
Publishes monthly catalogues and loss-factor
tables
200
China: Explanation table for taxes, levies and fees
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Exchange rate: 1 CNY = 0.128 EUR (2024)
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Levies
Major Water-Project
Fund
0.25 EUR/MWh
Central fund for South-to-North & other hydro works; collected
nationwide since 2016.
Levies
Reservoir-Resettlement
Fund
0.86 EUR/MWh
Compensates communities displaced by big dams.
Levies
Renewable-Energy
Surcharge
2.45 EUR/MWh
Pays FIT deficit for legacy wind/solar; unchanged since 2016.
201
China: Explanation table for TSO network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Category
Cost component/
exemption
Calculation method
Explanation
Network
Charges
T&D energy charge
(variable)
9.43 EUR/MWh for PRD 220V and above
Regulated “third-cycle” delivery fee for each kWh wheeled
through the high-voltage grid; does not vary by time of day.
Network
Charges
System-operation pool
(variable)
2.95 EUR/MWh
Pooled recovery of ancillary-service, pumped-storage and
coal/gas capacity payments.
Network
Charges
Line-loss pass-through
(variable)
Loss factor (≈ 2.9 %) × energy price
Compensates CSG for technical losses; scales automatically
with whatever energy price applies.
Network
Charges
Fixed capacity (demand)
charge
5.04 EUR/MWh
-10 % rebate if utilisation ≥ 260 kWh/kVA-mo
Either this or the Transformer kVA billing. The user must elect one
method for the entire tariff year and may not apply both methods
simultaneously. Changing the method is allowed only at the next
annual settlement.*
Relief
High-load-factor (HLF)
discount
0.50 EUR/MWh
If monthly energy / kVA ≥ 260 kWh → demand charge
× 0.9
Built-in reward for ≥ 3120h yr utilisation.
Either this or the Transformer capacity
Relief
Time-of-use (TOU) valley
price
Savings per MWh = Flat price × (1 – 0.38) × Valley-
share × Loss-factor
Line-losses are billed as a fixed loss-factor (≈ 2.9 %) times the
energy price, so when valley-hour power costs only 38 % of
the flat rate, the loss charge on those MWh drops.
Exchange rate: 1 CNY = 0.128 EUR (2024)
202
*Instead of the HLF rebate, the consumer may elect the lower column priced in ¥/kVA·mo which is cheaper only if the transformer’s name-plate kVA is reasonably close to the plant’s
true peak. The alternative transformer-kVA billing can drop the charge to about 0.6 – 1.9 €/MWh cheaper. That proprietary kVA figure isn’t publicly available, so omitting the option
keeps the estimate conservative and transparent. For our analyses, we applied Guangdong’s HLF rebate because its trigger relies only on metered utilisation, which is known.
China (Guangdong): Network charges for a baseload large industry (1 TWh/a) in 2025
9,43
5,04
2,95
1,44
0,5
0,33
18,03
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Network charges and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges:
▪ T&D energy charge: 9.43 EUR/MWh
▪ System-operation pool: 2.95 EUR/MWh
▪ Line-loss pass-through: 1.44 EUR/MWh
▪ Fixed capacity (demand) charge: 5.04 EUR/MWh
Exemptions
▪ High-load-factor discount → 0.50 EUR/MWh
▪ Time-of-use (TOU) valley price → 0.33 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes and levies: 18.03 EUR/MWh
T&D energy
charge
Fixed capacity
(demand) charge
System-
operation pool
Line-loss pass-
through
Time-of-use
(TOU) valley
price
High-load-factor
discount
203
China (Guangdong): Taxes, levies and exemptions for a baseload large industry
(1 TWh/a) in 2025
0,25
0,86
2,45
3,56
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Major Water-Project Fund: 0.25 EUR/MWh
▪ Reservoir-Resettlement Fund: 0.86 EUR/MWh
▪ Renewable-Energy Surcharge: 2.45 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes and levies: 3.56 EUR/MWh
Renewable-Energy
Surcharge
Reservoir-
Resettlement
Fund
Major Water-
Project Fund
204
China (Guangdong): Network charges for an electrolyser in 2025
9,43
8,37
2,95
1,21
0,84
0,62
20,50
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Network charges and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges:
▪ T&D energy charge: 9.43 EUR/MWh
▪ System-operation pool: 2.95 EUR/MWh
▪ Line-loss pass-through: 1.21 EUR/MWh
▪ Fixed capacity (demand) charge: 8.37 EUR/MWh
Exemptions
▪ High-load-factor discount → 0.84 EUR/MWh
▪ Time-of-use (TOU) valley price → 0.62 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes and levies: 20.50 EUR/MWh
T&D energy
charge
Fixed capacity
(demand) charge
System-
operation pool
Line-loss pass-
through
Time-of-use
(TOU) valley
price
High-load-factor
discount
205
China (Guangdong): Taxes, levies and exemptions for an electrolyser in 2025
0,25
0,86
2,45
3,56
Taxes and levies
Exemptions
Total
Taxes, levies and exemptions in EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Taxes, levies and fees:
▪ Major Water-Project Fund: 0.25 EUR/MWh
▪ Reservoir-Resettlement Fund: 0.86 EUR/MWh
▪ Renewable-Energy Surcharge: 2.45 EUR/MWh
→
Resulting taxes and levies: 3.56 EUR/MWh
Renewable-Energy
Surcharge
Reservoir-
Resettlement
Fund
Major Water-
Project Fund
206
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Comparison of consumers and conclusion
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Electricity Costs in USA and China
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Non-flexible Medium Industry Consumer (DSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Baseload Large Industry Consumer (TSO)
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Overview and explanation of electricity cost components
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
207
2024
2025
2025
2025
2025
91
88
24
75
62
2024
59
2024
65
Baseload large industry (Profile A): Effective electricity costs with indirect cost
compensation in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
-30%
-73%
-16%
+2%
-34%
-27%
208
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (with ICC incorporated)
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Baseload large industry:
1 TWh/a, 8000 FLH
125 MW capacity
2024
94
+5%
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
100%
2024
2024
77
2025
82
2025
24
2025
62
2025
41
2024
65
2024
61
Electrolyser (Profile B): Effective electricity costs with indirect cost compensation in
2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
-50%
-71%
-24%
-6%
-21%
-26%
209
Electrolyser:
1.2 TWh/a, 4800 FLH
250 MW capacity
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (with ICC incorporated)
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
84
+2%
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
100%
The Netherlands together with the UK have the highest effective electricity costs for the
two consumer types on TSO level driven by high network charges and commodity costs
Electrolyser
The UK has the highest effective electricity costs followed by the Netherlands.
Germany, Belgium and Denmark have a slight cost advantage, while the
advantage of France, USA and China is significantly higher.
Commodity Cost:
▪ Similar picture as for the baseload consumer: The commodity costs are the
highest in Denmark and the UK. The Netherlands and Belgium have
slightly lower commodity costs, while Germany, France, the US and China
have significantly lower commodity costs, with the France having the
overall lowest of the countries because of the ARENH and the ICC.
Network charges:
▪ The Netherlands, USA and China all have high network charges compared
to the other countries. Belgium, Denmark and UK are in the medium range,
while France has low network charges due to high discounts. Germany has
a full discount of network charges for electrolysers.
Taxes, Levies, Fees:
▪ Taxes, levies and fees make for a minor portion of the effective electricity
costs of baseload large industry in all of the assessed countries.
Electrolysers in Germany benefit from a relief of taxes and all but one levy,
while Electrolysers in France are fully exempt from taxes and levies.
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
210
Baseload Large Industry
The UK has the highest effective electricity costs, followed by Denmark and
the Netherlands. Germany and Belgium have a slight cost advantage, while
the advantage of France, USA and China is significantly higher.
Commodity Cost:
▪ The commodity costs are the highest in Denmark – as Denmark has no ICC
– followed by the UK. The Netherlands and Belgium have comparable
prices, while Germany, France, the US and China have significantly lower
commodity costs, with the France having the overall lowest of the
countries because of the ARENH and the ICC.
Network charges:
▪ The Netherlands, USA and China all have high network charges compared
to the other countries. Belgium, Denmark and UK are in the medium range,
while Germany and France have low network charges due to high
discounts for large baseload consumers.
Taxes, Levies, Fees:
▪ Taxes, levies and fees make for a minor portion of the effective electricity
costs of baseload large industry in all of the assessed countries.
Comparison of effective electricity costs with indirect cost compensation in 2025
between baseload large industry and electrolysers (Profiles A & B)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025 2025
88
82
-7%
2025 2025
75
62
2025 2025
24
24
2025
2025
2025
62
41
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (with ICC included)
Taxes, levies and exemptions
€/MWh
-34%
0%
-17%
Consumers
A: Baseload Large Industry
B: Electrolyser
2025
91
77
-15%
2025
2025
59
65
+10%
2025
2025
65
61
-6%
211
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
2025
2025
94
84
-11%
A
B
The electricity costs for electrolysers are lower than for large baseload consumers in
all European countries in 2025 (with CO2 price compensation)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ Electrolyser with cost advantage against
baseload large industry driven by commodity
price reduction/optimization (except for France
due to the ARENH scheme).
▪ Electrolysers in the US pay 10% more
compared to baseload consumers due to
higher network charges.
▪ Largest advantage in Germany with 34%,
Belgium and Denmark also with high
advantage.
▪ Electrolysers in Germany benefit from further
network charge, tax and levy reductions and
exemptions.
▪ Electrolysers in France and Belgium benefit
from further tax exemptions.
▪ Dutch electrolysers with comparably low
advantage (7%) due to higher network charges
compared to baseload consumers.
212
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (with ICC included)
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Consumers
A: Baseload Large Industry
B: Electrolyser
Comparison of effective electricity costs with and without indirect cost compensation in
2025 between baseload and electrolysers (Profiles A & B)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
2025 2025
2025
2025
2025 2025
2025
2025
2025 2025
2025
98
50
101
78
50
88
41
24
62
2025
2025 2025
2025
62
24
75
2025
2025 2025
2025
2025
2025 2025
2025
91
115
77
105
77
84
91
94
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Price with indirect cost compensation
Price without indirect cost compensation Price with indirect cost compensation*
€/MWh
Baseload
Electrolyser
Baseload
Electrolyser
Baseload
Electrolyser
Baseload
Electrolyser
Baseload
Electrolyser
Baseload
Electrolyser
112
105
82
88
213
* Applicable sectors: production of various
metals, hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper
The electricity costs for electrolysers are lower than for baseload large industry in
every European country 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ Dutch industry baseload large industry and
electrolysers have significant cost disadvantage
compared to most of the other countries except UK and
Denmark (for ICC applicable scetors) – even with the
reintroduced indirect cost compensation
▪ While commodity cost components are at similar levels
(except France, driven by ARENH scheme), the largest
cost differences for the Netherlands emerge from high
network charges, discontinued network charge
reductions and discontinued indirect cost
compensation.
▪ Electrolysers can achieve a substantial cost reduction
in Germany and Belgium due to electrolyser-specific
policy such as tax and network charge exemptions.
▪ Due to the higher network charges Dutch
electrolysers gain almost no cost advantage over
baseload large industry. This means in general that
being flexible has almost no advantage in the
Netherlands; i.e. incentives are low to become
flexible.
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Price with indirect cost compensation
Price without indirect cost compensation
Price with indirect cost compensation*
214
* Applicable sectors: production of various metals, hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper
Non-flexible medium industry (Profile C): Effective electricity costs in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
2025
71
125
2024
2024
104
103
2025
190
-51%
-14%
-28%
2024
192
-29%
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
2025
146
€/MWh
215
+32%
+31%
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
100%
Non-flexible medium industry:
12 GWh/a, 6000 FLH
2 MW average load
4.5 MW contracted capacity
Flexible medium industry (Profile D): Effective electricity costs in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
2025
74
123
2024
2024
102
102
2025
188
-48%
-14%
-29%
2024
190
-29%
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
2025
143
€/MWh
216
+33%
+31%
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
100%
Flexible medium industry:
12 GWh/a, 4615 FLH
usual load 1.4 - 2.6 MW
4.5 MW contracted capacity
Germany and the UK have the highest effective electricity costs for the two consumer
types on DSO level – consumers in the Netherlands pay 25% less
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
217
Non-flexible Medium Industry & Flexible Medium Industry
As the results for the two assessed consumers on DSO level are similar, the following analysis is valid for both.
For both medium sized industry consumers Germany and the UK have the highest effective electricity costs, driven by high network charges and high
taxes, levies and fees. Consumers in the Netherlands pay around 25% less, mainly due to lower taxes and levies. Belgium and Denmark have
comparable commodity cost as the three mentioned countries but like France as well low network charges, taxes and levies. France benefits
additionally from low commodity costs due to the ARENH scheme, which leaves France with the lowest effective electricity costs. The commodity
costs are the lowest in the US, but the network charges are on the same level as in the Netherlands and the UK leading to overall electricity costs on
the same level as Denmark.
Commodity Cost:
▪ The commodity costs are similar in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Denmark and UK, while France and the US have significantly lower
commodity costs, with the US having the overall lowest of the countries.
Network charges:
▪ Germany has by far the highest network charges followed by the Netherlands, the UK and the USA. France, Belgium and Denmark all have
comparably low network charges.
Taxes, Levies, Fees:
▪ Taxes, levies and fees make for a minor portion of the effective electricity costs in all countries but the UK.
Comparison of effective electricity costs in 2025 between baseload and flexible
medium industry consumers (Profiles C & D)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
€/MWh
2025
2025
146
143
-1%
2025
2025
125
123
2025
2025
71
74
2025
2025
103
102
2025
2025
104
102
2025
2025
190
188
-1%
-2%
-2%
+4%
-1%
2025
2025
192
190
-1%
Baseload
Baseload
Baseload
Baseload
Baseload
Baseload
Baseload
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
218
The electricity costs for flexible medium industry is slightly lower than for non-
flexible medium industry in most of the countries with the exception of France
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ Taxes, levies and network charges are more
or less on the same level for both
consumers in all of the countries, as for
both consumers the same contracted
capacity and peak load is assumed.
▪ The advantage of the flexible consumer is
solely because of lower commodity costs.
▪ As the ARENH scheme rewards baseload
behaviour this is not the case for France.
219
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Comparison of effective electricity costs of all four consumers with indirect cost
compensation in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
62
24
75
190
71
125
188
74
123
A
B
C
D
41
24
62
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
91
94
104
192
102
190
77
84
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (incl. ICC)
Taxes, levies and exemptions
A: Large Baseload Industry
B: Electrolyser
C: Medium Non-flexible Industry
D: Medium Flexible Industry
Components of electricity cost
Consumers
€/MWh
88
146 143
82
220
The comparison of all four consumers in the European countries shows significantly
higher effective costs for smaller industry on DSO level
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ Because the consumer on DSO level does not
consume electricity on weekends where
commodity costs are usually lower, the overall
commodity costs are higher compared to the
two consumers on TSO level.
▪ The ICC lowers commodity costs for large
consumers additionally in the Netherlands,
Germany, France, Belgium and the UK.
▪ The network charges are higher on DSO level
than on TSO level.
▪ Because of lower consumption, full load hours
and the assumed less critical sector the smaller
consumers do not qualify for the same network
charge, tax and levy reliefs which drives up
network cost especially in Germany, Belgium
and the UK.
▪ In the Netherlands, Germany, France and
Denmark the taxes, levies and fees are
comparable for all users.
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (incl. ICC)
Taxes, levies and exemptions
A: Large Baseload Industry
B: Electrolyser
C: Medium Non-flexible Industry
D: Medium Flexible Industry
Components of electricity cost
Consumers
221
Main drivers and conclusions of current electricity cost in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ Germany has three different levies and high network charges. All these cost elements are largely reduced by substantial
reliefs for large industrial consumers or exemptions for electrolysers.
▪ For smaller consumers with less full load hours the reliefs on network charges do not apply, leading them to have the
highest effective electricity costs of all compared countries.
▪ A termination of these network charge reliefs for large consumers would result in Germany having the highest electricity
costs for also for these consumers.
▪ The current network charge structure does not reward flexible behaviour.
▪ The high electricity costs in the Netherlands are driven by the high network charges and the absence of reliefs/
exemptions for the network charges
▪ The reintroduction of the indirect cost compensation lowers the effective electricity costs of the applicable large consumer
to the UKs level.
222
▪ France has no levies and low network charges for baseload large industry and electrolysers. Electrolysers benefit
additionally from exemptions from energy tax.
▪ Companies (especially baseload large industry) also currently benefit from low commodity costs due to the ARENH
scheme.
Main drivers and conclusions of current electricity cost in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ Electricity costs in Belgium are driven up by the certification scheme which is unique to Belgium, even though large
consumers benefit from reductions there. A termination of these reductions would result in a significant cost increase.
▪ The network charges are similar to France, but in Belgium no reduction exists which drives up their network charges for
large consumers comparison to France and also Germany.
▪ The medium size industry consumers on DSO level pay a comparable network charge to the industry on TSO level giving
them a significant advantage over competitors in Germany, the Netherlands and the UK.
223
▪ Companies in Denmark can benefit from a huge discount on electricity tax, this together with the absence of levies leads to
low cost compared to the other countries.
▪ The network charges in Denmark are similar to Belgium and France, although also in Denmark no reduction exists. For the
medium sized industry, the network charges give an advantage over competitors in Germany, the Netherlands and the UK.
▪ Commodity costs in the UK are higher than in the other European countries. Companies from applicable sectors (same as
for the other European countries) can benefit from an indirect cost compensation scheme, but the thresholds are high.
▪ Network charges are the second highest among the European countries under comparison, while taxes and levies are the
highest. The combined costs of these components are almost equal to the commodity costs, as is the case in Germany.
However, electro-intensive consumers benefit from significant reductions in these costs.
Main drivers and conclusions of current electricity cost in 2025
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ In the USA, as there is no federal levy on electricity and state taxes are low (5.9 % GRT); thus, commodity and network
charges, not levies, dominate baseload costs.
▪ In the PJM zone, a bigger instantaneous peak almost always dominates the economics, therefore if an electrolyser ever hits
the PJM “coincident-peak” (CP) hours at full load, its per-MWh bill climbs instead of falls.
▪ Levies and renewables surcharges are lower in China than in the investigated European countries, and transmission
charges are cushioned by demand-based rebates; cancelling these province-specific reliefs would lift industrial power
costs sharply.
▪ Although, provinces publish headline tariffs, the prices large users actually negotiate – and the extra incentives local
governments grant to “strategic” electrolyser projects – are rarely disclosed, making China’s industrial electricity costs hard
to benchmark.
224
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
225
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Chapter 4 contains an outlook on the future development of the effective electricity cost
of the assessed consumers
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ In Chapter 4.1 an analysis of the current trends and
published studies on the development of the
network charges, taxes, levies and fees is conducted
to derive assumptions for the 2030 network charges,
taxes, levies and fees.
▪ In Chapter 4.2 the assumed future development is
applied on the current values for all user profiles.
With these values a comparison of the assumed
electricity cost in each country is conducted.
▪ In Chapter 4.3 the 2030 values are compared to the
2025 values from chapter 3 to analyse the expected
trend in each country for the upcoming years.
4.1
Country comparison 2030
Comparison of 2025 and 2030
4.2
4.3
226
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
227
Methodology to derive development of effective
electricity prices for 2030*
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
228
Commodity costs
▪ Commodity cost are derived from power wholesale markets for the relevant
consumer profiles
▪ Future price quotes as published and determined by the relevant power future
exchanges (EEX) for the period 01.01. - 31.12.2030 (June 2025) have been used
adjusted with the respective profile factor for the selected consumer profiles.
Network charges
▪ The expected future network charges are derived based on either:
▪ The change of costs (investment and operation) until 2030 including the expected
increase in electricity demand compared to today
▪ Published studies on the grid tariff developments by the grid operators
▪ Published network charges for the upcoming years (e.g. in Belgium). If the
increase in this published charges is higher than the estimated costs increase,
these published charges are used.
▪ For simplicity, it is assumed that the development of DSO network charges is equal
to that of TSO network charges unless a forecast study states otherwise. As DSOs
typically operate at multiple grid levels, deriving the development from future
investment numbers would be complex and exceed the scope of this study.
Taxes, levies, fees and exemptions
▪ The expected future taxes, levies, fees and exemptions are derived based on the
trend over the past years or announced policy decisions.
*Due to the high level of uncertainty, we cannot provide precise
predictions, but rather supply a high-level assessment to derive an
indication of a possible future development
2,7
2,4
2,2
3,3
4,4
3,8
4,5
5,3
6,4
7,2
7,4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034
Netherlands: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of network charges
▪ In the 10-year tariff forecast, TenneT forecasts the grid costs to
rise by an average of 11% per year.
▪ The tariffs will increase to a lesser degree.
▪ For EHS (220-380 kV) grid tariffs a yearly increase of 4.7% per
year is forecasted, resulting in a 26% increase from 2025 to
2030.
▪ DSO: A study commissioned by Netbeheer Nederland assumes
a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.8% for consumers
in the Dutch high-voltage grid until 2040. This would result in
an approximate 26% increase in grid tariffs between 2025
and 2030.
Network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Authorised Revenue [bln EUR/a] 1)
1) TenneT ten-year tariff forecast
Average increase of
11% p.a.
229
Netherlands: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of taxes, levies, subsidies and
exemptions
Electricity tax:
▪
The energy tax is determined every year with a sharp increase in
the last three years (currently at 3.21 EUR/MWh). Before 2023
the tax was stable at around 0.55 EUR/MWh.
→
Expected to increase further but not above 7 EUR/MWh (+
56% from 2025).
Levies & Fees:
▪
As the Netherlands abolished levies in the past years, it is not
expected that they will introduce new levies.
Exemptions:
▪
The energy tax reduction is determined newly every year; as the
government sees a certain use of energy as basic need an
abolishment of this relief is not expected.
→
With decreasing commodity cost, the tax reduction is
expected to decrease as well to estimated 500 EUR/a (- 5%
from 2025).
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪
The Dutch indirect cost compensation scheme was only planned and
approved by the EU for the period from 2021 to 2025 (source). It was
prolonged to 2027 in July 2025.
▪
Currently there would be no indirect cost compensation in place in
2030 (with the last payments made in 2028).
▪
As the further extension of the compensation is currently discussed,
an estimation of the compensation rate will be included in this study.
▪
Certificate Prices for 2030: 84 EUR/t
CO2 (Source, 16. July 2025)
▪
Fallback efficiency benchmark: 0.726 (yearly reduction by 1.09%
starting from 0.8 in 2021)
▪
For the aid intensity it is assumed, that it will remain at 75%.
▪
As the CO2 emission factor is already low compared to the other
countries it is estimated to decrease only slightly to 0.43-0.44
t
CO2/MWh
→
Resulting in compensation of approx. 20 EUR/MWh (- 9%)
Indirect cost compensation
230
Germany: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of network charges
Network charges:
▪ According to NEP 2023 the investments in the transmission grid amount to approx.
272 bln EUR until 2037 (Onshore: 156 bln. EUR, Offshore 116 bln. EUR). Assuming an
increase of investment cost at the rate of 2023 to 2024 this amounts to yearly
investment cost of approx. 20 bln. EUR from 2026 onwards, which equals an increase
of 50% compared to 2024.
▪ While costs of system services and losses are expected to remain rather stable,
congestion management costs increase in the coming years until 2027 (20%
increase) and are expected to remain stable afterwards.
▪ Congestion costs account for over 50% of the network charges (Source). With
investments increasing by 50% and congestion management cost by 20%, the
overall cost increase is estimated at 35% until 2030.
▪ This 35% increase is distributed over 15% more demand (462 TWh to 530 TWh),
leading to an estimated increase per MWh of 17% from 2025 to 2030.
Exemptions:
▪
The regulator plans to end individual network charges for large baseload consumers
in 2026. However, it is assumed that a transitional phase will be introduced until at
least 2030, in which exemptions in a comparable height are granted.
Network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
1) 2023/2024: Monitoringbericht, Forecast: NEP 2023;
2) 2021-23: Monitoringbericht BNetzA (and previous versions), Forecast: TSO Redispatch Prognosis
* Disclaimer: Network charge projections based on rough estimation
Total annual investment costs [bln EUR/a] 1)
3,5
5,8
5,2
5,4
5,5
6,0
6,5
0
2
4
6
8
Costs for system services, losses
and congestion management [bln EUR/a] 2)
8,7
13,4
18
20
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027-2030
231
Germany: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Electricity tax:
▪
The current reduction to 0.50 EUR/MWh for companies only applies for 2024 and 2025 under current regulation.
▪
New government has announced its plan to keep electricity tax at this level.
CHP levy:
▪
The CHP levy remained stable around 3 EUR/MWh in the last years and is expected to stay stable around this value in the future (+10% from
2025).
Offshore levy:
▪
The offshore levy increased in the last years and is expected to increase further to around 12 EUR/MWh (+47% % from 2025) (further increase
due to rising investment costs).
Surcharge for special grid usage:
▪
A surcharge for special grid usage applies to the first GWh of consumption.
▪
The surcharge increased sharply in the last years and is expected to follow the trend and increase further to around 25 EUR/MWh (+ 60% % from
2025).
▪
As the surcharge is 0.5 EUR/MWh for consumption above 1 GWh, increase of the surcharge for the consumption below is not relevant for the
assessed data center profile with a consumption of 4 TWh. The resulting amount of the surcharge in EUR/MWh is still approx. 0.5 EUR/MWh.
Concession fee:
▪
No changes are expected for the concession fee, the value of 1.10 EUR/MWh (+ 0% % from 2025) is fixed.
Exemptions:
▪
No changes are expected regarding the relief on the CHP and offshore levy and the concession fee.
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
232
Germany: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
▪
Certificate Prices for 2030: 84 EUR/t
CO2 (Source, 16. July 2025)
▪
Fallback efficiency benchmark: 0.726 (yearly reduction by 1.09%
starting from 0.8 in 2021)
▪
For the aid intensity it is assumed, that it will remain at 75%.
▪
CO2 emission factor estimated to decrease with the revision in 2025
▪
For Germany, the factor equals the weighted average of
CO2
emissions of fossil energy production.
▪
The assumed value for 2030 is calculated by calculating the
weighted average of
CO2 emissions from fossil energy generation
(see s. 14) using the
CO2 emission values mentioned in this
source. For gas and bio, it is assumed that the emission factor
corresponds to the factor for CCGTs.
→
Assumption for
CO2 emission factor: 0.63 tCO2/MWh
→
Resulting in compensation of:
84 EUR/t
CO2 * 0.63 tCO2/MWh * 0.75 * 0.726 = 28.81 EUR/MWh
(- 22%)
Indirect cost compensation
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
233
1,7
2,1
2,1
2,1
2,1
2,1
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
France: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of network charges
Network charges:
▪
The added investment and congestion management cost
increase by 25% from 2 to 2,5 bln. EUR. These additional cost
get distributed onto 15% more demand (425 to 487 TWh).
Leading to a network charge increase of approx. 10% until
2030.
Exemptions:
▪
No changes of the regulation of network charge reductions are
expected.
Network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Total estimated investments costs [bln EUR/a] 1)
1) Source: RTE (p. 47); 2) SDDR
* Disclaimer: Network charge projections based on rough estimation
250
273
386
500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2024
2025
2030
2035
Costs for congestion management [mio EUR/a] 2)
Estimation
234
France: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Electricity tax:
▪
No further changes on the energy tax regulation are expected as
of now.
ARENH:
▪
The ARENH scheme will expire at the end of 2025 and be
replaced by a new scheme, the VNU (
Versement du Nucléaire
Universel).
▪
Within the VNU exceeding revenues above the regulated total
cost of nuclear energy generation will be taxed.
▪
The exact threshold over which exceeding revenues from nuclear
energy generation will be taxed is currently not known. Initial
estimates predict it will be around 70-80 EUR/MWh (Source 1,
Source 2).
▪
As those levels are in the range of currently assumed commodity
cost for the selected user profiles, we assume that the VNU
scheme will have a neglectable impact on the commodity costs
in France in 2030.
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Indirect cost compensation:
▪
Certificate Prices for 2030: 84 EUR/tCO2 (Source, 16. July 2025)
▪
Fallback efficiency benchmark: 0.726 (yearly reduction by 1.09%
starting from 0.8 in 2021)
▪
CO2 emission factor estimated to decrease with the revision in
2025
▪
For France the factor equals the weighted average of
CO2
emissions of the price setting (marginal) power plants
▪
Estimation of future marginal power plants and their share not
possible
▪
Price was set by energy imports in 28% of the time in 2021*, no
significant changes are assumed until 2024/25 when the new
factor is calculated
▪
Due to the decrease of the factor in Germany from 0.72 to 0.63 an
equivalent decrease in France is assumed: 0.28 * 0.09 = 0.03
▪ →
Assumption: (0.51 - 0.03) tCO2/MWh = 0.48 tCO2/MWh
→
84 EUR/tCO2 * 0.48 tCO2/MWh * 0.75 * 0.726 = 21.95 EUR/
MWh (- 16%)
Indirect cost compensation
* Source: Approval France
235
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,1
2,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
Belgium: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of network charges
Network charges:
▪
After having stable to slightly decreasing tariffs from 2020 to
2024, the tariffs increase sharply from 2024 to 2025 and then
further to 2027 (see ELIA). This is in order to finance the
ambitious investment program.
▪
The 2027 network charges amount to 8.70 EUR/MWh for the
baseload large industry (+9%) and 11.10 EUR/MWh for the
electrolyser (+13%).
▪
No further increase after 2027 is assumed, as the increase
happening between 2024 and 2027 of more than 100% exceeds
the expected increase of cost of approx. 80%.
▪
For the DSO network charges a 10% increase is assumed,
similar to the Baseload large industry consumer.
Exemptions:
▪
No changes of the regulation of network charge reductions are
expected.
Network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Total investments cost [bln EUR/a] 1)
1) Source: ELIA (p. 18); 2) ELIA Opendata
* Disclaimer: Network charge projections based on ELIA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Costs for system services, losses and congestion management [bln EUR/a] 2)
236
Belgium: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Quotas:
▪ Starting from 18% in 2024, the quota for Green Certificates
will decrease yearly until it reaches 9% in 2030.
▪ The CHCPs quota is set to increase from 11,2% in 2024 to
14% in 2025 and then remains stable until 2030.
Certificate Prices:
As certificate prices in Elia´s auction don’t follow any trend in the
past years, but stay remain quite stable, it is assumed that these
prices will also remain stable in the future at around the current
prices:
▪ Green Certificate: 97 EUR/MWh; Cogeneration: 21
EUR/MWh
Certificate scheme in 2030
Electricity tax:
▪
The special excise duty was introduced on 01/01/2022 to replace
federal contribution and surcharges stated under transmission
costs, no new changes are expected.
Levies & Fees :
▪
Besides the updates done during regulatory period in line with
the underlying regulations and tariff methodology, no major
changes are expected.
Levy Flanders: expected to remain stable around to
0,5 EUR/MWh
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
237
Belgium: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
▪
Certificate Prices for 2030: 84 EUR/tCO2 (Source, 16. July 2025)
▪
Fallback efficiency benchmark: 0.726 (yearly reduction by 1.09%
starting from 0.8 in 2021)
▪
CO2 emission factor estimated to decrease with the revision in
2025
▪
For Belgium the factor equals the weighted average of
CO2
emissions of the price setting (marginal) power plants
▪
Estimation of future marginal power plants and their share not
possible
▪
Price was set by energy imports in 80% of the time in 2019*, no
significant changes are assumed until 2024/25 when the new
factor is calculated
▪
Due to the decrease of the factor in Germany from 0.72 to 0.63 an
equivalent decrease in Belgium is assumed: 0.8 * 0.09 = 0.07
→
Assumption: (0.51 - 0.07) tCO2/MWh = 0.44 tCO2/MWh
→
84 EUR/tCO2 * 0.44 tCO2/MWh * 0.75 * 0.726 = 20.12
EUR/MWh (- 23%)
Indirect cost compensation
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
* Source: Approval Belgium
238
12,5
13,5
13,7
13,7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2024
2025
2026
2027
Denmark: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of network charges
Network charges:
▪
Energinet plans to change the grid tariff structure from fully
consumption-based tariffs to a mixture of consumption- and
capacity-based tariffs (Source). As detailed information about
the new tariff structure is not currently available, its impact
cannot be considered in this study.
▪
In its Grid Tariff Forecast for 2025-2027, Energinet.dk forecasts
that grid tariffs will only increase by 1.5% between 2025 and
2027. With this trend, grid tariffs would increase by 4%
between 2025 and 2030. As no other data is available, this
increase has been assumed for the purposes of this study.
Exemptions:
▪
No changes of the regulation of network charge reductions are
expected.
Network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Tariff projection for nominal electricity consumption tariffs
2024-2027 [øre/kWh] 1)
1) Source: Energinet
239
Denmark: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Electricity tax:
▪
The consumers assessed in this study are all eligible for the
reduced tax rate of 0.54 EUR/MWh (0.4 øre per kWh), which is
fixed in the regulation. Therefore, no changes are expected.
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
240
15,8
16,6
9
9
12,7
18,5
17,2
13
0
5
10
15
20
25
23
23/24
24
24/25
25
25/26
26
26/27
United Kingdom: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of network charges
Network charges:
▪
In its TNUoS Tariffs Five Year View for 2025/26 – 2029/30 NESO
forecasts the Half hourly demand tariffs and the non-locational
demand residual charges relevant for the large consumers assessed
in this study to increase by 14% from 2025 to 2030.
▪
For the DSO network charge components also an increase of 14% is
assumed.
▪
The Balancing Services Use of System (BSUoS) charges fluctuated in
the last and already forecasted future years. As no forecast for the
period after 26/27 exists and no trend is recognizable, the average
value of the charges in the diagram on the right is assumed for 2030.
This amounts to approx. 14 EUR/MWh (-24%)
Exemptions:
▪
No changes of the regulation of network charge reductions are
expected.
Network charges
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Balancing Services Use of System (BSUoS) charges [EUR/MWh] 1)
1) Source: NESO
Forecast
241
United Kingdom: Outlook 2030 – expected changes of taxes, levies, subsidies and
exemptions
Climate change levy:
▪
The climate change levy as well as its reduction rate have been
the same for the past 5 years (Source). Therefore, it is assumed
that it will be the same in 2030 as well.
Renewables obligation:
▪
Since its introduction the Buy-out-price of the RO has increased
steadily. On average around 3.8 EUR/MWh in the last five years
(Source). Assuming this trend continues the buy-out-price will
increase from 79 EUR/MWh today to 98 EUR/MWh in 2030. The
obligation has been stable between 0.468 and 0.493 in the last
years. Following the trend of slight increases in the last two
years it is assumed to around 0.5 in 2030. The exemption for
energy-intensive industry is expected to remain in place.
Assistance for High Distribution Costs (AAHEDC):
▪
The AAHEDC has been increasing slightly in the last 5 years from
0.48 EUR/MWh to 0.5 EUR/MWh in 2024 before decreasing to
0.49 EUR/MWh in 2025 (Source). It is assumed to remain at this
level around 0.5 EUR/MWh in 2030.
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Indirect cost compensation:
▪
The indirect cost compensation scheme in the UK is assumed
to still be in place 2030, although no official information on the
planned duration of the program can be found.
▪ Also no indication on the futures of the ETS allowances for
2030 could be found.
▪ It is therefore assumed, that the increase of ETS costs will
match the decrease of the CO2-factor and that the
compensation will therefore remain at today's level of
around 20.5 EUR/MWh.
Indirect cost compensation
242
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
243
Summary projection of development of taxes, levies, network charges* and indirect cost
compensation until 2030 for all countries** – baseload large industry (Profile A)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Component
Taxes, levies and
fees
Network charges
Commodity prices
Resulting
Indirect Cost
compensation
Resulting
* Disclaimer: Network charge projections based on rough estimation
** All values are in EUR/MWh
2025
2030
0.50
0.50
0.78
0.90
48.39
72.20
49.68
73.60
-26.16
-22.00
23.52
51.60
2025
2030
2.70
2.60
7.99
8.70
90.16
69.80
100.85
81.10
-26.16
-20.10
74.68
61.00
2025
2030
2.41
3.00
2.93
3.40
93.07
71.10
98.41
77.50
-36.87
-28.80
61.54
48.70
2025
2030
3.21
7.00
16.60
20.90
91.82
70.00
112.70
97.90
-23.32
-20.00
88.30
77.90
2025
2030
0.54
0.54
5.78
6.00
84.47
72.40
90.79
79.00
-0.00
-0.00
90.79
79.00
2025
2030
1.22
1.20
10.12
8.70
103.34
80.60
114.68
90.50
-20.52
-20.50
94.16
70.00
244
Summary projection of development of taxes, levies, network charges* and indirect cost
compensation until 2030 for all countries** – Electrolyser (Profile B)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Component
Taxes, levies and
fees
Network charges
Commodity prices
Resulting
Indirect Cost
compensation
Resulting
* Disclaimer: Network charge projections based on rough estimation
** All values are in EUR/MWh
2025
2030
0.00
0.00
1.07
1.20
49.35
59.90
50.42
61.10
-26.16
-22.00
24.26
39.10
2025
2030
1.67
1.60
9.81
11.10
76.61
58.30
88.09
71.00
-26.16
-20.10
61.93
50.90
2025
2030
0.26
0.30
0.00
0.00
77.95
59.50
78.21
59.80
-36.87
-28.80
41.33
30.40
2025
2030
3.21
7.00
26.22
33.00
75.87
57.90
108.41
97.90
-23.32
-20.00
81.97
77.90
2025
2030
0.54
0.54
5.56
5.80
70.73
60.60
76.83
66.90
-0.00
-0.00
76.83
66.90
2025
2030
1.22
1.20
9.33
7.80
94.34
73.60
104.89
82.60
-20.52
-20.50
84.38
62.10
245
2025
Baseload large industry (Profile A): Effective electricity costs with and w/o indirect cost
compensation in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
2025
2025
2025
2025
2025
2025
2025
2025
98
78
74
81
78
49
52
61
-28%
-46%
-17%
-24%
-37%
2025
2025
2025
79
91
79
70
-19%
-19%
-20%
-49%
-7%
246
Baseload large industry:
1 TWh/a, 8000 FLH
125 MW capacity
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Price with indirect cost compensation
Price without indirect cost compensation Price with indirect cost compensation*
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
100%
-20%
Assuming ICC
extension to 2030
* Applicable sectors: production of various
metals, hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper
Baseload large industry: High disadvantage for Dutch baseload large industry due to
the absence of reliefs/exemptions and the indirect cost compensation in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ In 2030 German, French, Belgian and Danish
baseload industry is still expected to have a
significant cost advantage compared to the
Netherlands in 2030.
▪ Electricity cost in Germany, France, Belgium and
Denmark are expected to be 20%, 24%, 17% and
19% below the cost in the Netherlands
respectively for industries, that are not eligible for
the indirect cost compensation (ICC).
▪ Because of a higher decrease of commodity costs in
the UK and the high increase of network charges in
the Netherlands, the UK is also expected to have
lower electricity costs in 2030.
▪ With the ICC, electricity cost in France and
Germany are expected to be appox 25 – 30
EUR/MWh below and in Belgium to be 17
EUR/MWh below the cost in the Netherlands.
▪ The other countries benefit from lower network
charges and reliefs, while Dutch baseload large
industry face the highest network charges in
2030, as there are no reliefs in the Netherlands.
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Price with indirect cost compensation
Price without indirect cost compensation
Price with indirect cost compensation*
247
* Applicable sectors: production of various metals, hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper
2025
Electroylser (Profile B): Effective electricity costs with and w/o indirect cost compensation
in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
2025
2025
2025
2025
2025
2025
2025
2025
98
60
61
71
78
30
39
51
-36%
-59%
-27%
-37%
-47%
2025
2025
2025
67
83
67
62
-31%
-31%
-38%
-68%
-15%
248
Electrolyser:
1,2 TWh/a, 4800 FLH
250 MW capacity
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
Price with indirect cost compensation
Price without indirect cost compensation Price with indirect cost compensation*
Percentage level: Difference compared
to the Netherlands.
100%
Assuming ICC
extension to 2030
-20%
* Applicable sectors: production of various
metals, hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper
Electrolyser: Dutch electrolysers have an even higher disadvantage than baseload large
industry due to the very high expected network charges in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ For electrolysers the electricity cost advantage of the
other countries over the Netherlands is larger than for
baseload large industry.
▪ Even without the indirect cost compensation (ICC)
Belgian, French, German and Danish electrolysers have
30% - 40% lower electricity costs than Dutch
electrolysers, which is driven in Belgium and France by
partial reliefs on taxes and in Germany by complete
reliefs on taxes, levies and network charges.
▪ When including the ICC, German electrolysers are
expected to be paying almost 50 EUR/MWh less than
their Dutch peers. French and Belgian electrolysers
are expected to pay around 40 and 30 EUR/MWh less
than Dutch users respectively.
▪ Electrolysers in the UK still pay 15% less without and
20% less with ICC compared to Dutch electrolysers.
▪ The disadvantage of the Netherlands is mainly driven
by the high network charges for electrolysers in the
Netherlands, which are expected to amount to nearly
half of the total cost.
249
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Price with indirect cost compensation
Price without indirect cost compensation
Price with indirect cost compensation*
NOTE: This analysis does not include proposals for tariff structure changes in the Netherlands that
could benefit flexible users (e.g., non-firm ATOs, ATR85), as their potential impact could not yet be
sufficiently assessed
* Applicable sectors: production of various
metals, hydrogen, chemicals, wood and paper
Summary projection of development of taxes, levies, network charges* and indirect cost
compensation until 2030 for all countries** – Non-flexible medium industry (Profile C)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Component
Taxes, levies and
fees
Network charges
Commodity prices
Resulting
* Disclaimer: Network charge projections based on rough estimation
** All values are in EUR/MWh
2025
2030
2.01
2.00
7.96
8.80
61.32
79.30
71.28
90.10
2025
2030
18.09
17.00
8.37
9.20
98.85
76.60
125.31
102.80
2025
2030
4.44
6.10
81.28
95.10
104.55
79.80
190.27
181.00
2025
2030
3.17
7.00
41.93
51.80
100.49
76.70
144.72
135.50
2025
2030
0.54
0.54
10.94
11.40
92.51
79.30
103.98
91.20
2025
2030
40.27
49.60
47.10
44.60
104.64
81.60
192.01
175.80
250
Summary projection of development of taxes, levies, network charges* and indirect cost
compensation until 2030 for all countries** – Flexible medium industry (Profile D)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Component
Taxes, levies and
fees
Network charges
Commodity prices
Resulting
* Disclaimer: Network charge projections based on rough estimation
** All values are in EUR/MWh
2025
2030
2.01
2.00
8.99
9.90
63.11
77.80
74.10
89.70
2025
2030
18.09
17.00
8.37
9.20
96.91
75.00
123.37
101.20
2025
2030
4.44
6.10
81.28
95.10
102.36
78.20
188.08
179.40
2025
2030
3.17
7.00
41.93
51.80
98.31
75.00
142.54
133.80
2025
2030
0.54
0.54
10.87
11.30
90.66
77.70
102.07
89.50
2025
2030
40.27
49.60
45.91
43.40
103.72
80.90
189.90
173.90
251
Non-flexible medium industry (Profile C): Effective electricity costs in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
2025
2025
2025
136
181
90
103
2024
2024
91
176
Percentage level: % reduction or
increase compared to the Netherlands.
+30%
-33%
-24%
-33%
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
€/MWh
252
+34%
100%
Non-flexible medium industry:
12 GWh/a, 6000 FLH
2 MW average load
4.5 MW contracted capacity
Non-flexible medium industry: Electricity cost of Dutch medium industry in the
midfield compared to other European countries
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ In 2030 the Netherlands is still expected to have a
cost advantage over Germany and the UK. This
advantage amounts to around 30%.
▪ On the other hand, the electricity costs in
France, Belgium and Denmark are expected to be
between 24% and 33% below the cost in the
Netherlands.
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
253
2024
Flexible medium industry (Profile D): Effective electricity costs in 2030
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
2025
2025
2025
134
179
90
101
2024
90
174
Percentage level: % reduction or
increase compared to the Netherlands.
-33%
-25%
-33%
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
€/MWh
254
+30%
+34%
100%
Flexible medium industry:
12 GWh/a, 4615 FLH
usual load 1.4 - 2.6 MW
4.5 MW contracted capacity
Flexible medium industry: Electricity cost of Dutch medium industry in the midfield
compared to other European countries
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
255
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
▪ In 2030 the Netherlands is still expected to have a
cost advantage over Germany and the UK. This
advantage amounts to around 30%.
▪ On the other hand, the electricity costs in
France, Belgium and Denmark are expected to be
between 25% and 33% below the cost in the
Netherlands.
100%
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Policy trends and assumptions until 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
256
Comparison of effective electricity costs with indirect cost compensation in 2025
between baseload large industry (Profile A)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
2030
88
78
-11%
2025
2030
75
61
2025
2030
24
52
2025
2030
94
70
2025
2030
91
79
2025
2030
62
49
€/MWh
-21%
+116%
-19%
-13%
-26%
Baseload large industry:
1 TWh/a, 8000 FLH
125 MW capacity
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (incl. ICC)
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
257
Baseload large industry: Until 2030 the effective electricity costs are expected to
decrease in all of the countries but France
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
258
▪ The expected decrease of commodity costs
leads to lower electricity costs in the
Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Denmark
and the UK.
▪ In France the electricity costs are expected to
increase due to significantly higher
commodity costs as consequence of the end
of the ARENH scheme.
▪ The lower commodity costs in the
Netherlands are partially offset by higher
network charges, this leads to a lower cost
decrease compared to the other countries.
▪ As a consequence, the Netherlands are
expected to have the second highest
electricity costs for large baseload consumers
in 2030 behind Denmark (which has no ICC).
▪ Despite the increase compared to today
France is expected to have the second lowest
electricity costs for baseload costumers also
in 2030, while Germany has the lowest due to
its exemptions.
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (incl. ICC)
Taxes, levies and exemptions
Comparison of effective electricity costs with indirect cost compensation in 2025
between electrolysers (Profile B)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
2025
2030
82
78
-5%
2025
2030
62
51
2025
2030
24
39
2025
2030
84
62
2025
2030
77
67
2025
2030
41
30
€/MWh
-27%
+63%
-18%
-13%
-26%
Electrolyser:
1.2 TWh/a, 4800 FLH
250 MW capacity
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (incl. ICC)
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
259
Electrolyser: Until 2030 the effective electricity costs are expected to decrease in all of
the countries but France
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
Electrical energy costs (incl. ICC)
Taxes, levies and exemptions
260
▪ Also, for the electrolyser, the electricity costs are
expected to decrease due to lower commodity
costs in all of the countries except for France.
▪ The lower commodity costs in the
Netherlands are partially offset by higher
network charges, this leads to a lower cost
decrease compared to the other countries.
▪ In contrast the costs in the UK and Germany
decrease by over 25% and Belgium by almost
20%, as network charges and taxes, levies and
fees remain on the same level as 2025.
▪ As a consequence, the Netherlands are expected
to have the highest electricity costs for
electrolysers in 2030.
▪ The increase in France is significantly lower for
electrolysers compared to the baseload
consumers.
▪ Germany is expected to have the lowest
electricity costs for electrolysers in 2030 followed
by France and Belgium.
Comparison of effective electricity costs without indirect cost compensation in 2025
between non-flexible medium industry consumers (Profile C)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
2025
2030
146
136
-7%
2025
2030
125
103
2025
2030
71
90
2025
2030
192
176
2025
2030
104
91
2025
2030
190
181
-5%
-18%
-13%
+27%
-8%
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
261
Non-flexible medium industry:
12 GWh/a, 6000 FLH
2 MW average load
4.5 MW contracted capacity
Non-flexible medium industry: Until 2030 the effective electricity costs are expected
to decrease in all of the countries but France
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
262
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
▪ The electricity costs for non-flexible medium
industry are expected to decrease due to lower
commodity costs in all of the countries except
for France.
▪ The lower commodity costs in the
Netherlands, Germany and the UK are
partially offset higher network charges and
taxes levies and fees, this leads to a lower cost
decrease compared to Belgium and Denmark.
▪ Because of the lower decrease compared to the
UK, Germany is expected to have the highest
electricity costs for non-flexible medium industry
in 2030.
▪ France and Denmark are expected to have the
lowest electricity cost for the non-flexible
medium industry.
▪ Belgium is expected to have the highest
decrease with 2030 costs being 18% lower than
the costs in 2025.
Comparison of effective electricity costs without indirect cost compensation in 2025
between flexible medium industry consumers (Profile D)
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
€/MWh
2025
2030
143
134
2025
2030
123
101
2025
2030
74
90
2025
2030
190
174
2025
2030
102
90
2025
2030
188
179
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies, subsidies and exemptions
-6%
-5%
-18%
-12%
+22%
-9%
263
Flexible medium industry:
12 GWh/a, 4615 FLH
usual load 1.4 - 2.6 MW
4.5 MW contracted capacity
Flexible medium industry: Until 2030 the effective electricity costs are expected to
decrease in all of the countries but France
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Network charges
Electrical energy costs
Taxes, levies and exemptions
264
▪ The electricity costs for flexible medium industry
are expected to decrease due to lower
commodity costs in all of the countries except
for France.
▪ The lower commodity costs in the
Netherlands, Germany and the UK are
partially offset higher network charges and
taxes levies and fees, this leads to a lower cost
decrease compared to Belgium and Denmark.
▪ Because of the lower decrease compared to the
UK, Germany is expected to also have the
highest electricity costs for flexible medium
industry in 2030.
▪ France and Denmark are expected to have the
lowest electricity cost for the flexible medium
industry.
▪ Belgium is expected to have the highest
decrease with 2030 costs being 18% lower than
the costs in 2025.
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Outlook and country comparison for 2030
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Quantification of electricity cost components for 2025
Background and objective of the study
Background and objective of the study
Agenda
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
265
Abbreviations
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
ARENH
Accès Régulé à l’Electricité Nucléaire Historique, scheme in France that makes parts of the nuclear production available at a fixed price set by the
government
CHP
Combined heat and power
CHPC
CHP-certificates (only existent in the Flanders region of Belgium)
CRE
French Energy Regulatory Commision
CREG
Belgian Federal Commission for Electricity and Gas Regulation
DSO
Distribution system operator
FLH
Full load hours
GC
Green certificates (existent in all three regions of Belgium)
RO
Renewables Obligation
RES
Renewable energy sources (Wind, PV, etc.)
RTE
France's Transmission System Operator
TSO
Transmission system operator
266
Annex I: Applicable industry sectors for indirect cost compensation according to EU
regulation
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Industry sector applicable
Manufacture of leather clothing
Production and initial processing of aluminium
Production of other inorganic raw materials and
chemicals
Production and first processing of lead, zinc and tin
Production of wood and cellulose
Production of paper, cardboard and paperboard
Production of raw iron, steel and ferroalloys
Mineral oil processing
Production and initial processing of copper
Production and initial processing of other non-ferrous
metals
Polyethylene in primary moulds
All product categories in the iron foundry sector
Mats and nonwovens made of glass fibre
Hydrogen and inorganic oxygen compounds of non-
metals
Source: EU
267
Annex II: Electricity cost-intensive or trade-intensive sectors in Germany - List 1:
Economic sectors with a significant risk of relocation
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
List 1: Economic sectors with a significant risk of relocation
Hard coal mining sector
Natural gas extraction
Iron ore mining
Other non-ferrous metal mining
Quarrying of natural stone and natural stone, limestone and gypsum,
chalk and slate
Mining of chemical and fertilizer minerals
Salt extraction
Quarrying of stone and earth n.e.c.
Fish processing
Potato processing
Production of fruit and vegetable juices
Other fruit and vegetable processing
Production of oils and fats (excluding margarine and similar dietary fats)
Production of starch and starch products
Sugar production
Production of homogenized and dietetic foods
Production of vermouth and other flavored wines
Malt production
Textile preparation and spinning
Weaving mill
Finishing of textiles and clothing
List 1: Economic sectors with a significant risk of relocation
Production of knitted and crocheted fabric
Carpet manufacturing
Manufacture of rope goods
Manufacture of nonwovens and articles thereof (excluding apparel)
Manufacture of technical textiles
Manufacture of leather clothing
Manufacture of hosiery products
Production of leather and leather fiber fabric; finishing and dyeing of
hides
Sawmills, planing and wood impregnation plants
Production of veneer, plywood, wood fiber and chipboard panels
Production of parquet panels
Manufacture of wood products n.e.c., cork, straw and plaiting materials
(except furniture)
Production of wood and cellulose
Production of paper, cardboard and paperboard
Production of household, hygiene and toilet articles made of cellulose,
paper and cardboard
Manufacture of wallpapers
Mineral oil processing
Production of industrial gases
Production of dyes and pigments
Production of other inorganic raw materials and chemicals
List 1: Economic sectors with a significant risk of relocation
Production of other organic raw materials and chemicals
Production of fertilizers and nitrogen compounds
Production of plastics in primary molds
Production of synthetic rubber in primary forms
Manufacture of other chemical products n.e.c.
Production of man-made fibers
Production of pharmaceutical raw materials
Production and retreading of tires
Manufacture of other rubber goods
Production of plastic sheets, films, tubes and profiles
Production of plastic packaging materials
Manufacture of other plastic goods
Manufacture of flat glass
Refinement and processing of flat glass
Manufacture of hollow glass
Manufacture of glass fibers and articles thereof
Manufacture, finishing and processing of other glass, including technical
glassware
Manufacture of refractory ceramic materials and goods
Production of ceramic wall and floor tiles and slabs
Manufacture of ceramic sanitary ware
Production of ceramic insulators and insulating parts
Manufacture of ceramic products for other technical purposes
268
Annex II: Electricity cost-intensive or trade-intensive sectors in Germany - List 1:
Economic sectors with a significant risk of relocation
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
List 1: Economic sectors with a significant risk of relocation
Manufacture of other ceramic products
Production of cement
Production of coated abrasives and abrasives
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products n.e.c.
Production of pig iron, steel and ferroalloys
Production of steel pipes, pipe fittings, pipe closures and pipe
connections made of steel
Production of bright steel
Production of cold-rolled strip with a width of less than 600 mm
Production of cold-drawn wire
Production and initial processing of aluminium
Production and first processing of lead, zinc and tin
Production and initial processing of copper
Production and initial processing of other non-ferrous metals
Processing of nuclear fuels
Iron foundries
Production of forged, pressed, drawn and stamped parts, rolled rings and
powder metallurgical products
Surface finishing and heat treatment
Manufacture of cutlery and flatware made from base metals
Production of wire goods, chains and springs
Production of screws and rivets
List 1: Economic sectors with a significant risk of relocation
Manufacture of electronic components
Manufacture of batteries and accumulators
Production of fibre optic cables
Manufacture of other electronic and electrical wires and cables
Manufacture of other electrical equipment and appliances n.e.c.
Production of bearings, gears, gear wheels and drive elements
Manufacture of motorbikes
Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c.
269
Annex II: Electricity cost-intensive or trade-intensive sectors in Germany - List 2:
Economic sectors with a risk of relocation
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
List 2: Economic sectors with a risk of relocation
Butchering (excluding butchering of poultry)
Butchering of poultry
Production of margarine and similar products food fats
Milk processing (without production of ice cream)
Grinding and peeling mills
Production of long-life baked goods
Production of dough products
Manufacture of confectionery (excluding long-life bakery products)
Production of convenience food
Manufacture of other food products n.e.c.
Production of animal feed for livestock
Production of feed for other animals
Production of soft drinks; extraction of natural mineral waters
Production of stationery and office supplies made of paper, cardboard and
paperboard
Manufacture of other articles of paper and paperboard
Manufacture of pyrotechnic products
Production of adhesives
Production of bricks and other building ceramics
Production of chalk and burnt plaster
List 2: Economic sectors with a risk of relocation
Production of fibre cement products
Steel foundries
Light metal foundries
Manufacture of barrels, drums, cans, buckets, etc. Metal containers
Production of packaging and closures made of iron, steel and non-ferrous
metal
Manufacture of other parts and accessories for motor vehicles
270
Annex III: List of electro-intensive sectors qualified for tax reduction in France
Minimal level of electro-
intensity
Taxes in EUR/MWh
0.5%
7.5
3.375%
5
6.75%
2
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Consumption by businesses with an industrial activity (Article L312-71)
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing industry
Production and distribution of electricity, gas, steam or air conditioning
Production and distribution of water, sewerage, waste management and
pollution control.
271
Annex III: List of electro-intensive sectors qualified for tax reduction in France
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Consumption by industrial installations in certain sectors of activity
exposed to international competition (Article L312-72)
Extraction of iron ore, minerals for the chemical industry and natural
fertilisers, as well as support activities for these activities;
Metallurgy of iron, aluminium, copper, lead, zinc or tin, as well as the
manufacture of tubes, pipes and tube or pipe fittings of these metals, lead
bars, rods, profiles and wire and zinc plates, sheets and strip;
Manufacture of basic organic and inorganic chemicals, other than industrial
gases, dyes and pigments and denatured ethyl alcohol, except uranium
enrichment and the production of ethyl alcohol from fermented materials;
Manufacture of nitrogen products and fertilisers and production of compost
by treatment and disposal of organic waste;
Manufacture of the following basic plastics: low-density, linear low-density
and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and
polycarbonate;
spinning of cotton, manufacture of man-made fibres and manufacture of
leather garments, including fire-resistant and protective garments of this
material;
Manufacture of paper, paperboard and mechanical pulp.
Minimal level of electro-
intensity
Taxes in EUR/MWh
0.5%
5.5
3.375%
2.5
6.75%
1
272
Annex III: List of electro-intensive sectors qualified for tax reduction in France
▪ If level of electro-intensity above 13.5% tax rate is reduced
to 0.5 EUR/MWh
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
▪ Consumption by industrial installations in certain sectors of
activity exposed to international competition and a
significant risk of carbon leakage
▪ Sectors listed in Annex of to Commission Decision
273
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
274
Annex IV: Electricity cost-intensive sectors in the UK eligible for Energy intensive
Industry Certificate
Source: UK Governement (Annex I)
Eligible sectors for Energy Intensive Industry certificate
Mining of hard coal
Quarrying of ornamental and building stone, limestone, gypsum, chalk
and slate
Operation of gravel and sand pits; mining of clays and kaolin
Other mining and quarrying not elsewhere classified
Processing and preserving of poultry meat
Manufacture of grain mill products
Manufacture of prepared feeds for farm animals
Manufacture of malt
Preparation and spinning of textile fibres
Weaving of textiles
Manufacture of knitted and crocheted fabrics
Manufacture of carpets and rugs
Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except
apparel
Manufacture of other technical and industrial textiles
Manufacture of other textiles not elsewhere classified
Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories
Manufacture of knitted and crocheted hosiery
Manufacture of other knitted and crocheted apparel
Tanning and dressing of leather; dressing and dyeing of fur
Sawmilling and planing of wood
Manufacture of veneer sheets and wood-based panels
Eligible sectors for Energy Intensive Industry certificate
Manufacture of other products of wood; manufacture of articles of cork,
straw and plaiting materials
Manufacture of paper and paperboard
Manufacture of corrugated paper and paperboard and of containers of
paper and paperboard
Manufacture of household and sanitary goods and of toilet requisites
Manufacture of wallpaper
Manufacture of refined petroleum products
Manufacture of industrial gases
Manufacture of other inorganic basic chemicals
Manufacture of other organic basic chemicals
Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen compounds
Manufacture of plastics in primary forms
Manufacture of synthetic rubber in primary forms
Manufacture of man-made fibres
Manufacture of rubber tyres and tubes; retreading and rebuilding of
rubber tyres
Manufacture of other rubber products
Manufacture of plastic plates, sheets, tubes and profiles
Manufacture of plastic packing goods
Manufacture of other plastic products
Manufacture of flat glass
Manufacture of hollow glass
Eligible sectors for Energy Intensive Industry certificate
Manufacture of glass fibres
Manufacture and processing of other glass, including technical glassware
Manufacture of refractory products
Manufacture of ceramic tiles and flags
Manufacture of bricks, tiles and construction products, in baked clay
Manufacture of other technical ceramic products
Manufacture of other ceramic products
Manufacture of cement
Manufacture of lime and plaster
Manufacture of plaster products for construction purposes
Manufacture of fibre cement
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products not elsewhere
classified
Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys
Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings of steel
Cold drawing of bars
Cold rolling of narrow strip
Cold drawing of wire
Aluminium production
Lead, zinc and tin production
Copper production
Other non-ferrous metal production
Casting of iron
Annex IV: Electricity cost-intensive sectors in the UK eligible for Energy intensive
Industry Certificate
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Source: UK Governement (Annex I)
Eligible sectors for Energy Intensive Industry certificate
Casting of steel
Casting of light metals
Casting of other non-ferrous metals
Manufacture of light metal packaging
Manufacture of electronic components
Manufacture of batteries and accumulators
Manufacture of other electronic and electric wires and cables
Manufacture of machinery for metallurgy
275
Annex V: Definition of gross value added
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Definition from European Commission:
The gross value added of the undertaking must be calculated as turnover, plus capitalized production, plus other operating
income, plus or minus changes in stocks, minus purchases of goods and services (which shall not include personnel costs), minus
other taxes on products that are linked to turnover but not deductible, minus duties and taxes linked to production.
Alternatively, it can be calculated from gross operating surplus by adding personnel costs. Income and expenditure classified as
financial or extraordinary in company accounts is excluded from value added. Value added at factor costs is calculated at gross
level, as value adjustments (such as depreciation) are not subtracted
276
Annex VI: CO2 emission factor for the indirect cost compensation can be
calculated in two different ways according to EU regulation
There are two different emission factors that can be used:
▪ The CO2 emission factor calculated by the EU in the Appendix of the ETS Guidelines
→
chosen by Germany (0.72 tCO2/MWh) and the Netherlands (0.45 tCO2/MWh)
▪ The market-based CO2 emission factor calculated by each member states for themself
→
chosen by France and Belgium, these two countries calculated an own market-based factor of 0.51 tCO2/MWh
There is no limitation for which year the emission factors are valid
▪ In France and Belgium, the factor is valid from 2021-2025 and will then be revised/updated for the 2026-2030 period
▪ The ETS Guidelines will be updated in 2025 as well → an update of the emission factor for Germany is possible
Calculation Methods are described in the ETS Guidelines
▪ The "CO2 emission factor" (in tCO2 /MWh) is the weighted average of the CO2 intensity of electricity from fossil fuels in different
geographical areas. The weighting takes into account the production mix of fossil fuels in the respective geographical area. The CO2
factor is the result of dividing the emissions of CO2 equivalents (based on energy industry data) by the gross electricity generation from
fossil fuels in TWh.
▪ The "market-based CO2 emission factor", in tCO2/MWh is determined on the basis of a study on the CO2 content of the actual
margin setting technology on the electricity market. It has to be based on a model of the electricity system simulating price
formation and observed data on the marginal cost adjustment technology during the entire year t-1 (including the hours when imports
were marginal cost adjusted). The study must be approved by the national regulatory authority and the EU Commission.
▪ According to the studies of Belgium and France, the market-based CO2 emission factor in both countries is equal to the weighted
average of the CO2 content of the technologies identified as determining the electricity price for each hour in over the reference year.
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
Sources: ETS Guidelines, Approval France, Approval Belgium (Flanders)
277
Next steps
Electricity cost assessment for industrial consumers
278
▪ E-Bridge will send incorporate workshop feedback and send a revised
complete draft report by 23/7/25 eod.
▪ Feedback and comments by KGG on the revised draft report by
28/07/2025 eod?
▪ Finalization of report by E-Bridge will be sent to KGG by 31/07/2025
Disclaimer
The Copyright for the self-created and presented contents as well as objects are always reserved for the author.
Duplication, usage or any change of the contents in these slides is prohibited without any explicit noted consent of the
author. In case of conflicts between the electronic version and the original paper version provided by E-Bridge Consulting,
the latter will prevail.
E-Bridge Consulting GmbH disclaims liability for any direct, indirect, consequential or incidental damages that may result
from the use of the information or data, or from the inability to use the information or data contained in this document.
The contents of this presentation may only be transmitted to third parties in entirely and provided with copyright notice,
prohibition to change, electronic versions‘ validity notice and disclaimer.
E-Bridge Consulting, Bonn, Germany. All rights reserved.
279